The Social Analysis of Class Structure edited, by FRANK PARKIN TAVISTOCK PUBLICATIONS First published in 1974 by Tavistock Publications Limited 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4 Printed in Great Britain in 10 on 12 pt Plantin by Willmer Brothers Limited, Birkenhead isbn o 422 74460 3 (hardbound) isbn o 422 74470 o (paperback) © The British Sociological Association 1974 This title is available in both hard- and paperback editions. The paperback edition is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. Distributed in the USA by HARPER & ROW PUBLISHERS, INC. BARNES & NOBLE IMPORT DIVISION To Peter Worsley Contents CONTRIBUTORS ix PREFACE xiii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XV FRANK PARKIN Strategies of Social Closure in Class Formation i ROBERT Q. GRAY The Labour Aristocracy in the Victorian Class Structure 19 SHEILA ALLEN and CHRISTOPHER SMITH Race and Ethnicity in Class Formation: A Comparison of Asian and West Indian Workers 39 W. G. RUNCIMAN Towards a Theory of Social Stratification 55 FRANK BECHHOFER, BRIAN ELLIOTT, MONICA RUSHFORTH, and RICHARD BLAND The Petits Bourgeois in the Class Structure: the Case of the Small Shopkeepers 103 ZYGMUNT BAUMAN Officialdom and Class: Bases of Inequality in Socialist Society 129 RICHARD SCASE Conceptions of the Class Structure and Political Ideology: Some Observations on Attitudes in England and Sweden 149 VIII Contents CHRIS MIDDLETON Sexual Inequality and Stratification Theory 179 JANE MARCEAU Education and Social Mobility in France 205 GAVIN MACKENZIE The ‘Affluent Worker’ Study: An Evaluation and Critique 237 LESLIE BENSON Market Socialism and Class Structure: Manual Workers and Managerial Power in the Yugoslav Enterprise 257 J. M. COUSINS AND R. L. DAVIS ‘Working Class Incorporation’—A Historical Approach with Reference to the Mining Communities of S.E. Northumberland 1840-1890 275 NAME INDEX 299 SUBJECT INDEX 307 Contributors sheila allen, bom 1930. Studied at London School of Economics, BA and post-graduate course in Anthropology. Research Assistant, L.S.E.; anthropological research in South East Asia; Senior Research Assistant, L.S.E.; has held various teaching posts in Birmingham, Leicester, and Bradford; Professor of Sociology at University of Bradford since 1972. Author of New Minorities, Old Conflicts, 1971. Since 1970, director of the Social Science Research Council financed project ‘Youth and Work: A Study of Differential Ethnic Group Experience* at University of Bradford. zygmunt bauman, born 1925, Poland. Studied at University of Warsaw, BA, 1950; MA, 1954; PhD, 1956. Lecturer in, then held Chair of General Sociology, Warsaw, 1953-68; Professor of Sociology at Universities of Tel-Aviv and Haifa, 1968-71; since 1971 Professor of Sociology at University of Leeds; Visiting Professor at the Univer­ sities of California, Yale, Manchester, and Sir George Williams; Chief Editor of the quarterly Stndia Socjologiczne, 1960-68. Author of Outline of Sociology; Outline of the Marxist Theory of Society Culture and Society; Between Class and Elite; Culture as Praxis. frank bechhofer, born 1935, Germany. Studied at Cambridge University, BA (Mechanical Sciences); MA. Junior Research Officer, Department of Applied Economics, Cambridge University, 1962-5; Lecturer in Sociology, University of Edinburgh, 1965-71; Reader since 1971- Co-author of the Affluent Worker studies, 1968-9; editor of Population Growth and the Brain Drain, 1969. Leslie benson, born 1941, Northumberland. Studied at Cambridge University, BA, 1964. 1964-6, school-teaching; Yugoslav Government Scholar, Belgrade, 1966-7; Research Student, Department of Sociology, X Contributors University of Kent, 1967, where he wrote a PhD thesis on stratification in Yugoslavia; in 1971 became Research Fellow at the Centre for Research in Social Sciences, at University of Kent; since 1974 Lecturer in Sociology at Massey University, New Zealand. richard bland, born 1944, Glasgow. Studied at University of Edin­ burgh, MA (Sociology and Social Anthropology). Research Associate, University of Edinburgh, 1969-72; since 1972, Lecturer in Sociology, University of Stirling. j. m. cousins, born 1944, London. Studied at Oxford University, BA, and at London School of Economics. Research Assistant, University of Durham 1968-70; Research Officer, University of Bradford, 1970-71; Research Fellow, University of Durham, 1971-4. R. L. davis, born 1946, London, Studied at University of Sussex, BA, 1967; MA, 1969; Centre for Mass Communication Research, University of Leicester, 1969-71. Research Fellow, University of Durham, 1971-3; currently Research Fellow, Tynemouth Community Development Project, Newcastle upon Tyne Polytechnic. Brian elliott, born 1941, London. Studied at University of Edin­ burgh, MA (Social Anthropology). Assistant Lecturer, University of Glasgow, 1963-5; since 1965, Lecturer, University of Edinburgh. Robert Q. gray, born 1945, Glasgow. Studied at Cambridge University, BA; University of Edinburgh, PhD. Lecturer at Portsmouth Poly­ technic since 1970. Author of ‘Styles of Life, the “Labour Aristocracy” and Class Relations’ in International Review of Social History (1973); and ‘Thrift and Working Class Mobility in Victorian Edinburgh’, in A.A. MacLaren (ed.), Essays in Class and Society (forthcoming). gavin Mackenzie, born 1942, Bournemouth. Studied at University of Leicester, BA; Brown University, MA, PhD. Lecturer in Sociology, Contributors xi Smith College, 1967-8; Lecturer in Sociology, University of Leicester, 1968-70; Fellow of Jesus College Cambridge and University Assistant Lecturer in Sociology, 1970-72; University Lecturer and fellow of Jesus College since 1973. Author of The Aristocracy of Labour: The Position of Skilled Crafts­ men in the American Class Structure, 1973; and Class Theory and the Division of Labour (forthcoming). jane marceau, born 1943, Lincolnshire. Studied at London School of Economics, BA; Cambridge University, PhD. Lecturer in Sociology, University of Essex, 1967-72; currently Research Fellow, University of Essex. Resident in France and engaged on Social Science Research Council financed study of a young French business elite. Currently preparing a book on class and status in France. chris Middleton, born 1946. Brighton. Studied at London School of Economics, BA (Sociology), 1971. Temporary Lecturer, University of Kent, 1971-2; Temporary Lecturer, University of Sheffield, 1972-4; from October 1974 will be Lecturer in Political Sociology at University of Sheffield. Currently preparing book analysing the situation of women in Western capitalist societies. frank parkin, born 1931, Aberdare, Glamorgan. Studied at London School of Economics, 1958-61; PhD, 1966. Assistant Lecturer in Sociology, University of Hull, 1964-5; currently Reader in Sociology, University of Kent. Author of Middle Class Radicalism, 1968; Class, Inequality and Political Order, 1971. w. G. runciman, bom 1934, London. Cambridge University Harkness Fellow, 1958-60; Fellow, Trinity College, Cambridge, 1959-63; Part-time Reader in Sociology, University of Sussex, 1967-9; Visiting Lecturer in Sociology, Harvard University, 1970; Fellow, Trinity College, Cambridge since 1971. Author of Social Science and Political Theory, 1963; Relative De­ privation and Social Justice, 1966; Sociology in its Place, and Other Essays, 1970; A Critique of Max Weber9s Philosophy of Social Science, 1972. XU Contributors monica rushforth, born 1929, Lowestoft. Studied at University of Edinburgh, MA, 1951; MSc, 1968. Research Associate and subsequent­ ly Research Fellow, University of Edinburgh, 1964-72; Research Officer, Home Office Research Unit (Scottish Section), since 1972. richard scase. Studied at University of Leicester, BA (Soc.Sc.), MA. Senior Research Associate, University of East Anglia; Lecturer in Sociology, University of Kent at Canterbury; Chairman of Board of Studies for Sociology and Social Anthropology, 1973-4. Currently engaged in research into aspects of social stratification in Sweden, with particular reference to the consequences of social demo­ cracy. Christopher smith, born 1947. Studied at Kingston Polytechnic, BSc Sociology (London); London School of Economics, MSc. Since 1971 Research Worker on the Social Science Research Council financed ‘Youth and Work’ project at University of Bradford. Preface With the exception of my contribution, all the papers brought together in this volume were originally presented at the British Sociological Association’s Conference on Social Stratification, held at the University of Surrey in April 1973. January 1974 Frank Parkin