THE SLUMBERING MASSES The publication of this book was assisted by a bequest from Josiah H. Chase to honor his parents, Ellen Rankin Chase and Josiah Hook Chase, Minnesota territorial pioneers. THE SLUMBERING MASSES Sleep, Medicine, and Modern American Life Matthew J. Wolf-Meyer a quadrant book University of Minnesota Press Minneapolis London Quadrant, a joint initiative of the University of Minnesota Press and the Institute for Advanced Study at the University of Minnesota, provides support for interdisciplinary scholarship within a new, more collaborative model of research and publication. Sponsored by Quadrant’s Health and Society group (advisory board: Susan Craddock, Jennifer Gunn, Alex Rothman, and Karen-Sue Taussig). http://www.quadrant.umn.edu An earlier version of chapter  was published as “The Nature of Sleep,” Comparative Studies in Society and History , no.  (): –; copyright  Society for the Comparative Study of Society and History; reprinted with permission of Cambridge University Press. An earlier version of chapter  was published as “Sleep, Signification, and the Abstract Body of Allopathic Medicine,” Body and Society , no.  (December ): –. Earlier versions of chapters  and  were published as “Precipitating Pharmakologies and Capital Entrapments: Narcolepsy and the Strange Cases of Provigil and Xyrem,” Medical Anthropology , no.  (February ): –; reprinted by permission of Taylor and Francis, Ltd. An earlier version of chapter  was published as “Fantasies of Extremes: Sports, War, and the Science of Sleep,” Biosocieties , no.  (August ): –. Copyright  by the Regents of the University of Minnesota All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photo- copying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Published by the University of Minnesota Press  Third Avenue South, Suite  Minneapolis, MN - http://www.upress.umn.edu Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wolf-Meyer, Matthew J. The slumbering masses : sleep, medicine, and modern American life / Matthew J. Wolf-Meyer. (A Quadrant book) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN ---- (hc : alk. paper) ISBN ---- (pb : alk. paper) . Lifestyles—United States. . Sleepwalking—United States. . Sleep disorders—United States. I. Title. HQ.UW  .'—dc  Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper The University of Minnesota is an equal-opportunity educator and employer.                    For my parents, Melanie and Robert, who endured many years of my wayward sleep This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS .................. abbreviations ix preface Sleep at the Turn of the Twenty-first Century xi introduction From the Lone Sleeper to the Slumbering Masses 1 I. SLEEPING, PAST AND PRESENT 1. The Rise of American Sleep Medicine 27 Diagnosing and Misdiagnosing Sleep 2.The Protestant Origins of American Sleep 51 3.Sleeping and Not Sleeping in the Clinic 79 How Medicine Is Remaking Biology and Society II. CULTURES OF SLEEP 4.Desiring a Good Night’s Sleep 99 Order and Disorder in Everyday Life 5. Now I Lay Me Down to Sleep 129 Children’s Sleep and the Rise of the Solitary Sleeper 6. Pharmaceuticals and the Making of Modern Bodies and Rhythms 145 7. Early to Rise 159 Creating Well-Rested American Workers 8.Chemical Consciousness 171 9. Sleeping on the Job 181 From Siestas to Workplace Naps 10. Take Back Your Time 191 Activism and Overworked Americans III. THE LIMITS OF SLEEP 11. Unconscious Criminality 203 Sleepwalking Murders, Drowsy Driving, and the Vigilance of the Law 12.The Extremes of Sleep 225 War, Sports, and Science conclusion The Futures of Sleep 243 acknowledgments 263 notes 265 index 285 ABBREVIATIONS .................. AAP American Academy of Pediatrics ASPS advanced sleep phase syndrome BiPAP bilevel positive airway pressure CAP Continuous Assisted Performance project CAREI Center for Applied Research and Educational Improvement CPAP continuous positive airway pressure CPSC U.S. Consumer Protection Safety Commission DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency DSPS delayed sleep phase syndrome ES excessive sleepiness FFI fatal familial insomnia GHB gamma hydroxybutyric acid HCMC Hennepin County Medical Center KLS Kleine-Levin syndrome MCMC Mississippi County Medical Center MSDC Midwest Sleep Disorders Clinic NIH National Institutes of Health NREM non-REM sleep NSF National Sleep Foundation OSA obstructive sleep apnea RBD rapid eye movement behavior disorder REM rapid eye movement RLS restless legs syndrome SIDS sudden infant death syndrome SRED sleep-related eating disorder SWSD shift work sleep disorder TBYT Take Back Your Time movement ix