THE SHINING PATH OF PERU Also by David Scott Palmer PERU: AN AUTHORITARIAN TRADITION THE SHINING PATH OF PERU Second Edition Edited by David Scott Palmer Boston University Palgrave Macmillan © David Scott Palmer 1992, 1994 Peru map courtesy of U.S. Department of State. Ayacucho Emergency Zone map, courtesy of Amnesty International. Parts of chapter 1, "Introduction: History, Politics, and Shining Path in Peru," taken from David Scott Palmer, "Peru: The Enduring Authoritarian Legacy," Howard J. Wiarda and Har vey F. Kline, eds., Latin American Politics and Development, 4th ed. Boulder, CO: Westview Press (1995), with the kind permission of the editors. The first section of chapter 3, "Return to the Past," edited and revised from Carlos Ivan Degregori, "A Dwarf Star," NACLA Report on the Amencas, 24:4, December-January 1990- 1991, pp. 10-16. Reprinted by permission of the North American Congress on Latin America. Sections of chapter 8, "Shining Path's Stalin and Trotsky," taken from Gustavo Gorriti, "The War of the Philosopher King," The New Republzc, June 18, 1990, pp. 15-22, and reprinted by permission of the editors of The New Republic. All rights reserved. For mformation, write: Scholarly & Reference Division, St. Martin's Press, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010 First published in the United States of America 1992 Revised and updated second edition first published 1994 ISBN 978-0-312-10619-5 ISBN 978-1-137-05210-0 (eBook) DOI10.1007/978-1-137-05210-0 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Shining Path of Peru I edited by David Scott Palmer.-2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and mdex. I. Sendero Luminoso (Guerrilla group) 2. Peru-Politics and government-1968-1980. 3. Peru-Politics and government-1980- 1. Palmer, David Scott, 1937- F3448.2.S54 1994 322.4 '2'0985-dc20 94-25904 CIP Contents Peru map ........... . ix Ayacucho Emergency Zone map X Preface ........... . xi Preface to the Second Edition . XV Contributors . . xvii About the Cover . xix Luis Mil/ones 1 Introduction: History, Politics, and Shining Path in Peru . 1 David Scott Palmer The Shining Path Challenge Peruvian Politics in Historical Context Consolidation ( 1824-1895) Limited Civilian Democracy (1895-1919) Populism, Parties, and Coups (1919-1968) The Military Docenio (1968-1980) The Civilian Docenio (1980-1992) The Autogolpe and Its Aftermath Windows on Shining Path 2 Taking the High Ground: Shining Path and the Andes ........ 33 Michael L. Smith Seven Propositions to Explain Sendero Conclusion Notes 3 The Origins and Logic of Shining Path: Two Views . 51 Return to the Past ................. . . 51 Carlos Ivan Degregori Beginnings Ideology and Strategy Explanation: Return to the Past Authoritarianism Reformulated Deception, DominatiOn, and Education Conclusion Notes The Center's Multiple Failures .•..•••.••.•••••.••• 63 Ton de Wit and Vera Gianotten Regional Context Sociocultural Mores Center-Periphery Gulf Sendero' s Attraction Explanations for the Center's Ineffective Response Conclusion Notes 4 Shining Path and Peasant Responses in Rural Ayacucho ....... 77 Billie jean Isbell Initial Peasant Support Events in the Rio Pampas Valley - 1980-1986 Initial Support Turned Sour The New Naqas and Other Things Out of Place The Coming of a New Age Notes 5 Peasant Responses to Shining Path in Andahuaylas . . . . . . . . 1 01 Ronald H. Berg Andahuaylas: Historical Background Guerrilla War, 1981-1982 The War Continues, 1983-1985 The Peasant Response to Shining Path Comparisons with Other Regions Conclusion Notes 6 Guerrillas and Coca in the Upper Huallaga Valley . . . . . . . . 123 jose E. Gonzales The Maoist Guerrillas The General and His Weapons The Drug War Conclusion Notes 7 Shining Path's Urban Strategy: Ate Vitarte . ............ 145 Michael L. Smith Strategic Importance Political Terrain Laying the Groundwork Forced Migrants Toward an Urban Insurrection Huaycan, Laboratory for Havoc "Proletariat of the World, Unite!" Education and Culture Military Conclusion Notes 8 Shining Path's Stalin and Trotsky . ................. 167 Gustavo Gorriti Abimael Guzman Reynoso Luis Kawata Makabe Victory and Defeat at the University The Fall of Kawata Conclusion Notes 9 The Organization of Shining Path .............. 189 Gabriela Tarazona-Sevillano National, Regional, and Local Levels Intermediate Organizations Metropolitan Organization Support Organizations Indoctrination The Role of Women Hierarchy Rising Through the Ranks The 1990s Strengths Weaknesses Conclusion Notes 10 Making Revolution with Shining Path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Tom Marks Analytical Perspectives Basis for Insurgency Insurgent Infrastructure Conduct of Operations Conclusion Notes 11 Shining Path and the Marxist Left . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Sandra Way-Hazelton and William A. Hazelton Origins of the Contemporary Political Left The Electoral Path Forces of Unity and System Support Forces of Disunity and Violence The Revolutionary Path to Power Modification of Means, Not Goals Forces of Change: Competition and Expansion Forces of Violence Impact on 1989 and 1990 Elections Conclusion Notes 1 2 Theories of Revolution and the Case of Peru . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Cynthia McClintock Mainstream Theories of Revolution Shining Path's Theory of Revolution How Do These Theones Apply to Peru? Peru's Regime Type Shining Path's Appeal The World Context Conclusion Notes 13 Conclusion: The View from the Windows 259 David Scott Palmer Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Glossary of Acronyms with Spanish and English Expansions 289 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 Photo of The Faculty of the University of San Cristobal de Huamanga, Ayacucho, Peru, December 1962 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299