The Shield of Achilles Iliad 18.478-608 Nicholas Swift Aoidoi.org∗ October 2005 The construction of the shield of Achilles is one of the most fascinating sec- tions of the Iliad. Here, while Achilles and everyone else awaits the unfolding of his fate, the poet suspends the narrative to describe the decoration of the shield by Hephaestus. The adornment consists not of the frightening images seen on other Homeric shields, but rather the everyday scenes which comprise his vision of earthly life. It is a long departure from the usually rapid movement of Homer, and as such makes up our oldest example of extended ekphrasis, the verbal de- scription of an object or work of art. In ancient times, this lengthy digression ledZenodotustoeliminatethepassagefromhiseditionaltogether. Otherreaders, however,haveperceivedthepowerfulnarrativeeffectofanextendedpausejustat the crucial turning point of the story, as though it were — as Oliver Taplin called it—thecalmbeforethestorm. Atthebeginningoftheeighteenthbook,AchillesreceivesthenewsthatPatro- colushasdied,andthegreatarmorwhichAchilleshadlenthimhasbeenstripped by Hector. Achilles is devastated, and his anger at Agamemnon suddenly seems insignificant, as grief for his friend swells into an intense rage directed at himself and at Hector. While he is waiting for his mother, Thetis, to deliver new armor from the smith-god Hephaestus, he goes out before the ships, with flames encir- cling his head, and frightens the Trojans with three terrible screams. Throughout the poem we see fire as a symbol of anger, heroic passion, war, and even death (for more, see Whitman, Chapter 7); so, when the bellows of Hephaestus kindle the fires of his forge, it leads us naturally to think of the rekindling of Achilles’ ∗ThisworkislicensedundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-ShareAlikeLicense. Toview acopyofthislicense,visithttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/. 1 2 anger and heroic passion for war, and also of his inevitable death. Hephaestus lamentsthathecannotprotectAchillesfromhisfate,andthenbeginsworkonthe shield, knowing that it will not save his life, but only serve him long enough to take revenge. The shield, then, is the instrument necessary for returning to battle and winning glory, but it is also Hephaestus’ reflection on the life that Achilles hasexchangedfortheimmortalityofhislegend. It is widely thought that the poet conceived the shield to be round (for a con- trarysuggestion,seeLeaf,AppendixI).Thereissomeuncertaintyabouttherela- tionshipbetweentwoepicwordsforshield: theepithetsof¢sp…jclearlyindicate thatitwascircular,whiles£kojisthewordusedofthetower-likebodyshieldof Ajax. Andyets£kojisalsousedofseveralshieldswhichneverthelessseemtobe roundshields. InthecaseoftheshieldofAchilles(whichisalwayscalleds£koj except once at 18.458) it is often noted that at 19.374 it is compared to the moon, and at 20.261 Achilles holds the shield out in front of himself in his hand, a ma- neuver, according to Lorimer, only possible with the central handle of the round shield. On the surface of the typical round shield, layers of hide were placed in concentric circles, progressively smaller toward the front, so that it was thinnest around the rim; then a layer of metal was hammered out overtop (Edwards). The decoration of concentric bands has parallels in Cretan shields, and Phoenician bowls, some of which show scenes similar to those on Achilles’ shield. For more aboutHomericshields,seeespeciallyEdwards,Lorimer,andWace. Following this introduction is the text for the shield section, along with the notes I took in order to enjoy it myself. Included is a list of the abbreviations used,andabibliographyalphabetizedbyauthor’slastname,whichcanbeusedto reference names cited in the notes, and as a further reading list for the curious. I owe a great deal to William Annis, not only for publishing this document, but for his helpful notes on prosody, and for answering questions on matters which were overmyhead. ThanksalsotoChadBochanforreadingthroughthedocumentand makinghelpfulsuggestions. 3 Abbreviations acc. accusative mid. middlevoice act. activevoice n. orneut. neuter adv. adverb nom. nominative aor. aoristtense opt. optativemood dat. dative pple. participle encl. enclitic pass. passivevoice f. orfem. feminine perf. perfecttense gen. genitive plupf. pluperfect impf. imperfecttense pl. plural ind. indicativemood prep. preposition indecl. indeclinable pres. presenttense infin. infinitivemood sg. singular irr. irregular LHDALexiconoftheHomericDialect subj. subjunctivemood m. ormasc. masculine unaug. unaugmented Vocabulary and Prosody. In the vocabulary notes we have marked doubtful vowelslongwhenthatseemsnecessary. Ifthelongvowelbearsabreathingmark oranaccent,wenotethelongvowelinparenthesesaftertheword,χρύσειος-η-ον (¯υ),butwherepossiblethelongmarkgoesoverthevowelintheheadword,δ¯ινέω. Ifawordbeganwithdigamma,anditmattersforthemeteroftheline,wemarkit so: ¥στυ-εοςτό(#-). Synizesisismarkedwithatie,”γίνεον. ^ About the text. The main source for the text is Allen, but we have also fol- lowed West in some matters. The nominative forms of demonstrative which be- camethedefinitearticleinlaterGreekareaccented: (cid:211),…,τό,ο(cid:134),α(cid:134),τά. When a word with an acute accent on the penult is followed by an enclitic therearecertaincaseswherethefinalsyllablealsogetsanaccent: ¥ράσφιν. This happens when the consonant following the penultimate vowel is a resonant (µ, ν, λ, ρ, but sometimes σ). It appears that the resonant consonant was pronounced barytone, allowing then another acute to follow. This is the practice of many manuscripts,whichWestfollowsinhisedition,andwhichwefollowhere. Seethelasttwopagesfortheworksreferredtointhenotesandvocabulary. 4 po…ei d(cid:157) prètista s£koj mšga te stibarÒn te p£ntose daid£llwn, perˆ d’ ¥ntuga b£lle faein»n 480 tr…plaka marmaršhn, ™k d’ ¢rgÚreon telamîna. pšnte d’ ¥r’ aÙtoà œsan s£keoj ptÚcej: aÙt¦r ™n aÙtù po…ei da…dala poll¦ „du…Vsi prap…dessin. ™n m(cid:157)n ga‹an œteux’, ™n d’ oÙranÒn, ™n d(cid:157) q£lassan, 483. Line483beginsthedescriptionoftheshield’sdecorationwithasum- mary division into three parts by the triple repetition of the adverb ™n: the earth, with the heavens at the middle of the shield, and the ocean around the rim. The use of the adverb ™n with verbs of creation becomes a theme, thereby dividing the shield into scenes; cf. lines 485, 490, 541, 550, 561, 573,587,590,and607. ºšliÒn t’ ¢k£manta sel»nhn te pl»qousan, 478ποιέω impf.act.ind. 3rd sg., unaug., he (Hephaestus) created, he made. πρώτιστος τό acc.pl. adv. firstly, first of all. σάκος -εος τό acc.sg. shield. µέγας µεγάλη µέγα acc.sg.n. great,large,Pharr§733. τε...τεboth...and. στιβαρός-ή-όνacc.sg.n. dense,thick,sturdy. 479πάντοσεadv. allover,inalldirections,Pharr§788.5,Smyth§342. δαιδάλλωpres.act.pple. nom.sg.m. decorating elaborately, ornamenting cunningly. περί adv. around (the shield). ¥ντυξ -υγος „ acc.sg. rim. βάλλω impf.act.ind. 3rd sg., unaug., he placed, he set, LHD.I.8. φαεινός-ή-όνacc.sg.f. shining. 480τρίπλαξ-ακος—„acc.sg.f.triple. µαρµάρεος-η-ονacc.sg.f.glittering,gleaming. (cid:153)κadv. therefrom,LHD.I.4. ¢ργύρεος-η-ονacc.sg.m. silver; studdedwithsilver. τελαµών-(cid:238)νος— acc.sg. strap. 481πέντε indecl. five. ¥ρα marks a connection or succession; used in recapitulations and transitions, Smyth §2789. α(cid:217)τός τό gen.sg., Intensive Pronoun with σάκεος: the shield itself, ie. thebody. ε(cid:132)µίimpf.act.ind3rdpl. therewere, Pharr§964. σάκος-εοςτόgen.sg. shield. πτύξ πτυχός „ nom.pl. layers of hide or metal for a shield’s surface; here, probably metal, as appropriate to Hephaestus’ craft. α(cid:217)τάρ moreover, indicates contrasts and rapid transitions, Smyth§2801. (cid:153)νon+dat.. α(cid:217)τός-ή-όdat.sg.n.,ie. thesurface. 482δαίδαλον τό acc.pl. decorations, ornaments. πολλός -ή -όν acc.pl.n. many. ε(cid:135)δω perf.act.pple.dat.pl.f.havingknown,Pharr§744. πραπίδεςα(cid:131)dat.pl.mind,wits,understanding, InstrumentalDative. (cid:132)δυίVσιπραπίδεσσινwithknowingmind,withgenius(usedinHomeronly ofHephaestus). 483(cid:153)νadv. insomething, therein. γα(cid:139)α„acc.sg. earth. τεύχωaor.act.ind. 3rdsg. formed, represented. ο(cid:217)ρανός—acc.sg. sky,heavens. θάλασσα„acc.sg. sea. 484”έλιος—acc.sg. sun. ¢κάµας-αντοςacc.sg.m. constant; ofthesun,regularinhiscourse, LHD. σελήνη„acc.sg. moon. πλήθωpres.act.pple. acc.sg.f. waxingfull. 5 485 ™n d(cid:157) t¦ te…rea p£nta, t£ t’ oÙranÕj ™stef£nwtai, Plh(cid:142)£daj q’ `U£daj te tÒ te sqšnoj 'Wr…wnoj 486. Plh(cid:142)£dej: seven daughters of Atlas and Pleione who were placed in the heavens as a constellation by Zeus, for different reasons in various myths. Theywereusedtomarkdifferentperiodsofthefarmingandsailing seasons. || `U£dej: fivedaughtersofAtlasandPleione(AtlasandAethra in some versions), placed as a constellation near Orion, along with their sisters,thePlh(cid:142)£dej. ”ArktÒn q’, ¿n kaˆ ”Amaxan ™p…klhsin kalšousin, ¼ t’ aÙtoà stršfetai ka… t’ 'Wr…wna dokeÚei, o‡h d’ ¥mmorÒj ™sti loetrîn 'Wkeano‹o. 490 ™n d(cid:157) dÚw po…hse pÒlij merÒpwn ¢nqrèpwn kal£j. ™n tÍ mšn ·a g£moi t’ œsan e„lap…nai te, nÚmfaj d’ ™k qal£mwn da(cid:143)dwn Ûpo lampomen£wn 485(cid:153)νadv.therein,withœteuxefromline483. τε(cid:139)ρος-εοςτόacc.pl.(epicforτέρας;foundonly hereinHomer)signs, portents; here, stars. π'ςπ'σαπ'νacc.pl.n. all. τάie. withwhich; internalacc.,Smyth§1573-4. ο(cid:217)ρανός—nom.sg. sky,heavens. στεφανόωperf.pass.ind. 3rd sg. hasbeencrowned. 486Πληϊάδεςα(cid:131)acc.pl.,theconstellationPleiades. ‘Υάδεςα(cid:131)acc.pl.,theconstellationHyades. σθένος-εοςτόacc.sg.force,strength;here,usedasaperiphrasisforaperson,LHD,ie.Orionhim- self. ’Ωρίων-ωνος—gen.sg. oneofthegiants,andamightyhunterfromBoeotia,transformed intoaconstellation. 487(cid:148)Αρκτος „ acc.sg. the Bear: the constellation Ursa Major). καί adv. also. (cid:148)Αµαξα „ acc.sg. wagon (as opposed to the war chariot, ⁄ρµα). (cid:153)πίκλησις -εως „ acc.sg. adv., with a verbofnaming,asasecondname,LHD. καλέωpres.act.ind. 3rdpl. call,name,i.e.,whichthey (people)call... 488θ’=τεand,heremarkinggeneralstatement,Monro§332. α(cid:217)το(cid:224)adv. inthesameplace,at thatveryplace. στρέφωpres.mid.ind. 3rdsg. revolves. ’Ωρίων-ωνος—(¯ι)acc.sg. δοκεύω pres.act.ind. 3rdsg. watches. 489ο(cid:141)ος-η-ονnom.sg.f. alone. ¥µµορός-ονnom.sg.f. havingnosharein,notentering+gen. ε(cid:132)µί pres.act.ind. 3rd sg. it is, Pharr §964. λοετρόν τό gen.pl. baths. ’Ωκεανός — gen.sg. of Ocean. 490δύω indecl. two. ποιέω aor.act.ind. 3rd sg., unaug., he made, he created. πόλις -ιος „ acc.pl. towns, cities, Pharr §704. µέροψ -οπος — gen.pl. dividing the voice, ie. articulate, endowedwithspeech;onlyinpl. asepithetofmen,LSJ. ¥νθρωπος—gen.pl. ofmen. 491κα¯λός-ή-όνacc.pl.f. pleasanttodwellin, LHD.3. τ˝ie. onecity, thefirstcity. γάµος —nom.pl. weddings. ε(cid:132)µίimpf.act.ind. 3rd. pl. therewere, Pharr§964. ε(cid:132)λαπίνη„nom.pl. feasts,banquets. 492νύµφη „ acc.pl. brides. θάλαµος — gen.pl. women’s chambers. δαΐς -ΐδος „ gen.pl. torches. (cid:219)πο under; by the guidance of, Monro, + gen.; accent recessive when it follows its noun. λάµπωpres.mid.pple. gen.pl.f. shining,flashing. 6 491-492. The enjambment of kal£j creates an emphatic afterthought. || The fem. pronoun tÍ refers to the first city, indicating that we have shifted fromtheneut. shieldsurfacefurtherintothedepictions. ºg…neon ¢n¦ ¥stu, polÝj d’ Ømšnaioj Ñrèrei: ^ koàroi d’ ÑrchstÁrej ™d…neon, ™n d’ ¥ra to‹sin 495 aÙloˆ fÒrmiggšj te bo¾n œcon: a‰ d(cid:157) guna‹kej ƒst£menai qaÚmazon ™pˆ proqÚroisin ˜k£sth. laoˆ d’ e„n ¢gorÍ œsan ¢qrÒoi: œnqa d(cid:157) ne‹koj çrèrei, dÚo d’ ¥ndrej ™ne…keon e†neka poinÁj 498. Recall that Ñrèrei (unaugmented) was used in line 493 of a wedding song; here it is used of a dispute, balancing the two scenes of the city in peacetime. || poin» is the compensation paid to the relatives of a slain man. There is disagreement concerning the natureof the quarrel: thescho- liasts, among others, maintain that the dispute is about whether or not the poin»hasbeenpaid;morerecently,RaymondWestbrookhassuggestedthat the defendant is claiming the right to pay a poin», presumably because of mitigatingcircumstances,whiletherelativeoftheslainmanisclaimingthe righttorevenge,andrefusingtoacceptthemoney. 493¢γ¯ινέωimpf.act.ind. 3rdpl. theywereleading,theywereconducting. ¢νάthrough+acc. ¥στυ -εος τό (#-) acc.sg. town, city. πολύς -ύ nom.sg.m. (irr. for πολλός) loud, Pharr §733. (cid:216)µέναιος—nom.sg. weddingsong. (cid:212)ρνυµιplupf.act.ind. 3rdsg.,unaug.,hadarisen,hadstirred up. 494κο(cid:224)ρος—nom.pl. youngmen. (cid:209)ρχηστήρ-`πος—nom.pl. dancers; inappositiontoκο(cid:224)ροι. δ¯ινέωimpf.act.ind. 3rdpl. theywerespinningaround. (cid:153)νamong+dat. 495α(cid:217)λός—nom.pl. windinstruments. φόρµιγξ-ιγγος„nom.pl. stringinstruments. βοή„ acc.sg. aloudcry;here,thesoundofmusic. (cid:156)χωimpf.act.ind. 3rdpl.,unaug.,(epicforε(cid:141)χον) of inanimate objects, were infested with, LHD.29; were keeping up, Monro. γυνή γυναικός „ nom.pl. women. 496(cid:134)στηµιpres.mid.pple. nom.pl.f. standing. θαυµάζωimpf.act.ind. 3rd. pl. theyweremarvel- ling. (cid:153)πίat,beside;in,LHD.II.1.b,c. +dat. πρόθυροντόdat.pl. doorways. (cid:155)καστος-η-ον nom.sg.f. each(insg. inappositionwithpl. substantive,LHD.3.b). 497λα¯ός — nom.pl. people. ε(cid:132)ν = (cid:153)ν. ¢γορή „ dat.sg. assembly; place of assembly. ε(cid:132)µί impf.act.ind. 3rd pl. they were. ¢θρόος -α -ον nom.pl.m. gathered, together. (cid:156)νθα indecl. there. νε(cid:139)κοςτόnom.sg. quarrel,dispute. 498(cid:212)ρνυµι plupf.act.ind. 3rd sg. had arisen, had stirred up. ¢νήρ — nom.pl. men. νεικέω impf.act.ind. 3rd pl. were quarreling. ε(cid:134)νεκα =(cid:155)νεκα because of; about, regarding + gen. ποινή„gen.sg. blood-price. 7 ¢ndrÕj ¢pofqimšnou: Ö m(cid:157)n eÜceto p£nt’ ¢podoànai 500 d»mJ pifaÚskwn, Ö d’ ¢na…neto mhd(cid:157)n ˜lšsqai: 499-500. Chantraine§490saysthateÜcetoseemstomeanhewasasserting rather than he was promising, where we would expect it with the future in- finitiveinstead. || Theuseofmhd(cid:157)ninsteadofoÙdšnimpliesthatthewill is involved (Smyth §2688): in other words, it is not a matter of the fact of payment,butofthedesiretorefuse,whichisalsothesenseof¢na…neto. Af- teraverbofnegativesense,thenegativeideaissometimesexpressedagain with the infinitive in a phrase that would seem redundant to us (Chantraine §490). ¥mfw d’ ƒšsqhn ™pˆ ‡stori pe‹rar ˜lšsqai. 501. It might be that the ‡stwr is the judge who eventually wins the two gold pieces (see lines 507-8); the term has also been supposed to refer to the gšrontej as a body, or perhaps the person who decides between their various judgements. || Westbrook understands pe‹rar as the decision as tothelimitofaction: whethertherelativeoftheslainmanislimitedtopoin» orrevenge,and,ifrevenge,thentowhatextent. Thisbringsthetermslightly closertoitsusualmeaning(Edwards). laoˆ d’ ¢mfotšroisin ™p»puon ¢mfˆj ¢rwgo…: k»rukej d’ ¥ra laÕn ™r»tuon: o‰ d(cid:157) gšrontej 503. Notice the balance between ™p»puon and ™r»tuon, in sound, line placement,andmeaning. 499¢νήρ—gen.sg. man. ¢πο-φθίωaor.mid.pple. gen.sg.m. havingdied. (cid:214)µένie. oneman, thekiller,opposedto(cid:214)δέinline500. ε(cid:220)χοµαιimpf.mid.ind. 3rdsg.,unaug.,wasasserting,was claiming. π'ςπ'σαπ'νacc.pl.n. everything. ¢πο-δίδωµιaor.act.infin. topay,tohavepaid. 500δ`µος — dat.sg. to the people, among the people (locative dat., Smyth §1531, Pharr §657, 1009). πιφαύσκωpres.act.pple. nom.sg.m. declaring,statinghiscase. (cid:214)δέie. theotherman, arelativeofthemankilled. ¢ν-αίνοµαιimpf.mid.ind. 3rdsg.,unaug.,wasrefusingto+infin. µηδείςµηδεµίαµηδένneut. absolute,nothing,Smyth§1869,1991,1998,2719,2739-40. α(cid:131)ρέω aor.mid.infin. toaccept,LHD.II.8.c. 501¥µφω—nom.dualboth. (cid:134)ηµι(¯ι-)impf.mid.ind. 3rddualweredesiringto+infin. (cid:153)πίat thehandsof,LHD.II.1.f.,+dat. (cid:135)στωρ—(#-)dat.sg. onewhoknows. πε(cid:139)ραρτόacc.sg. limit, decision. α(cid:131)ρέωaor.mid.infin. toget,toobtain,LHD.II.6. 502λα¯ός—nom.pl. people. ¢µφότερος-η-ονdat.pl.monbothsides. (cid:153)π-ηπύωimpf.act.ind. 3rdpl.,unaug.,weresupporting,wereassenting. ¢µφίςadv. separately,dividedly. ¢ρωγός— nom.pl. partisans,supporters;inappositiontoλαοί. 503κ`ρυξ -¯υκος — nom.pl. officials regulating an assembly. λαός — acc.sg. people, crowd. (cid:153)ρητύωimpf.act.ind. 3rdpl.,unaug.,wererestraining. γέρων—nom.pl. elders;here,asjudges. 8 e†at’ ™pˆ xesto‹si l…qoij ƒerù ™nˆ kÚklJ, 505 skÁptra d(cid:157) khrÚkwn ™n cšrs’ œcon ºerofènwn: 505. The plural skÁptra may indicate that the gšrontej took one staff in turnwhenspeaking(Edwards). to‹sin œpeit’ ½(cid:142)sson, ¢moibhdˆj d(cid:157) d…kazon. ke‹to d’ ¥r’ ™n mšssoisi dÚw cruso‹o t£lanta, tù dÒmen Öj met¦ to‹si d…khn „qÚntata e‡poi. t¾n d’ ˜tšrhn pÒlin ¢mfˆ dÚw stratoˆ ¼ato laîn 509. The dÚw stratoˆ laîn are probably two divisions of the same be- siegingarmy;perhapsthedivisionisoneofopinion. 510 teÚcesi lampÒmenoi: d…ca dš sfisin ¼ndane boul», º(cid:157) diapraqšein º’ ¥ndica p£nta d£sasqai ktÁsin Óshn ptol…eqron ™p»raton ™ntÕj œergen: 504´µαιimpf.mid.ind. 3rdpl. weresitting. ξεστός-ή-όνdat.pl.m. smooth,polished. λίθος— dat.pl. stones. (cid:131)ερός-ή-όνdat.sg.m. sacred,divine. (cid:153)νί=(cid:153)ν. κύκλος—dat.sg. circle;here, asemi-circularseatforthejudges. 505σκ`πτρον τό acc.pl. sceptres. κ`ρυξ -¯υκος — gen.pl. of officials. χείρ χε(ι)ρός „ dat.pl. hands,Smyth§285.28. (cid:156)ξωimpf.act.ind. 3rdpl.,unaug.,theywereholding. ”ερό-φωνος-ον gen.pl.m. loud-voiced. 506το(cid:139)σινtothem,ie. theelders. (cid:156)πειταindecl. then,atthattime. ¢ίσσωimpf.act.ind. 3rd pl. (the litigants) were rushing to speak. ¢µοιβηδίς adv. in turns. δικάζω impf.act.ind. 3rd pl.,unaug.,(theelders)werejudging. 507κε(cid:139)µαι impf.mid.ind. 3rd sg., unaug., were laying, Smyth §958, Pharr §968. µέσ(σ)ος -η -ονdat.pl.n. inthemiddle. χρ¯υσός—gen.sg. ofgold. τάλαντοντόnom.pl. talents. 508τøie. oneoftheγέροντες. δίδωµιaor.act.infin. togive;infinitiveofpurposeSmyth§2009- 2010,togive(δόµεν)tohim(τø)who((cid:211)ς).... µετάamong+dat. δίκη„acc.sg. judgement. (cid:132)θύς-ε(cid:139)αacc.pl.n. adv. superlative,mostjustly,mostfairly. ε(cid:135)ρω(#ειπ-)aor.act.opt. 3rdsg. may speak. 509(cid:155)τερος„acc.sg. second. πόλις-ιος„acc.sg. city. ¢µφίadv.,onbothsides,Smyth§1639- 40. στρατός—nom.pl.armies,hosts. ´µαιimpf.mid.ind.3rdpl.werecamped,werecamping. λαός—gen.pl. ofmen,ofwarriors. 510τεύχεα τό dat.pl. in armour. λάµπω pres.mid.pple. nom.pl.m. shining, flashing. δίχα adv.,dividedly,intwoways,Smyth§354.g. σφισιν3rdpl. dat.,encl.,amongthem,Pharr§760. ¡νδάνω impf.act.ind. 3rd sg. it was pleasing. βουλή „ nom.sg. opinion, determination, will. δίχαδέσφισιν…νδανεβουλήtheyweredividedinopinion,LHD. 511”(cid:157)...”’ whether...or. δια-πέρθω aor.act.infin. to sack a town. ¥ν-διχα in equal halves. π'ςπ'σαπ'νacc.pl.n. everything. δατέονµαιaor.mid.infin. todivideamongstthemselves. 512κτ`σις-εως„acc.sg.wealth. (cid:211)σ(σ)ος-η-ονacc.sg.f.howmuch,asmuchas. πτολίεθρον τό nom.sg., =πτόλις, epic for πόλις. (cid:153)π-ήρατος τό nom.sg. lovely, pleasing. (cid:153)ντός adv. within. (cid:156)ργωimpf.act.ind. 3rdsg.,unaug.,wascontaining. 9 511-512. Later, while facing Achilles, Hector contemplates offering Helen andhalfofTroy’swealthasransom(22.111-21). o‰ d’ oÜ pw pe…qonto, lÒcJ d’ Øpeqwr»ssonto. te‹coj mšn ·’ ¥loco… te f…lai kaˆ n»pia tškna 515 ·Úat’ ™festaÒtej, met¦ d’ ¢nšrej oÞj œce gÁraj: o‰ d’ ‡san: Ãrce d’ ¥r£ sfin ”Arhj kaˆ Pall¦j 'Aq»nh ¥mfw cruse…w, crÚseia d(cid:157) e†mata ›sqhn, kalë kaˆ meg£lw sÝn teÚcesin, éj te qeè per ¢mfˆj ¢riz»lw: laoˆ d’ Ûp’ Ñl…zonej Ãsan. 516-519. When the persons (or gods) are of different gender, predicate ad- jectivestakethemasculine,Smyth§1055. 520 o‰ d’ Óte d» ·’ †kanon Óqi sf…sin e(cid:141)ke locÁsai ™n potamù, Óqi t’ ¢rdmÕj œhn p£ntessi boto‹sin, 513ο(cid:134) ie. the citizens of the besieged city. ο(cid:220) πω by no means, not at all; not yet, LHD.8.b. πείθω impf.mid.ind. 3rd pl., unaug., were agreeing, were yielding. λόχJ — dat.sg. for an ambush. (cid:216)πο-θωρήσσωimpf.mid.ind. 3rdpl. theywerearmingsecretly. 514τε(cid:139)χοςτόacc.sg. citywall. •ά=¥ρα. ¥λοχος„nom.pl. wives. φίλος-η-ονnom.pl.f. dear,beloved. νήπιος-η-ονnom.pl.n. young. τέκνοντόnom.pl. children. 515(cid:153)ρύωimpf.mid.ind. 3rdpl.,unaug.,theywereguarding. (cid:153)φ-ίστηµιperf.act.pple. nom.pl.m. havingstood. µετάadv. among,incompanywith,LHD.I.2. ¢νήρ-έρος-δρός—nom.pl. men, Pharr§697. (cid:156)χωimpf.act.ind. 3rdsg.,unaug.,washolding,wasoppressing,LHD.I.42. γ`ρας -αοςτόnom.sg. oldage. 516ο(cid:134)ie. citizensofthebesiegedcity. ε(cid:141)µιimpf.act.ind. 3rdpl. theyweregoing,ie. toambush, Pharr§965. ¥ρχωimpf.act.ind. 3rdsg.,wereleading,Smyth§959.a. σφιν3rdpl. dat.,encl., forthem,Pharr§760. (cid:148)Αρης—nom.sg. Παλλάς-άδος„nom.sg.,epithetofAthena,variously explainedaswieldingaspear,leaping,oryouthful. ’Αθήνη„nom.sg. 517¥µφω nom.dual.m. both. χρύσειος -η -ον (¯υ) nom.dual.m. golden. χρύσειος -η -ον acc.pl.n. golden. ε(cid:140)µατό(#-)acc.pl. clothing. (cid:155)ννυµι(#-)plupf.pass.ind. 3rddual,unaug., hadbeenclothed. 518κα¯λός-ή-όνnom.dual.m. beautiful,noble. µέγαςµεγάληµέγαnom.dual.m. great,large. τεύξεατόdat.pl. armour. Øςlike,as. θεός—nom.dual.m. gods. περjust,even. Øςτεθεώ περjustlikegods,asmightbeexpectedofgods. 519¢µφίς adv. apart. ¢ρίζηλος -η -ον nom.dual.m. conspicuous, standing out. λαός — nom.pl., ie. the citizens of the besieged city. (cid:216)πό adv. under. (cid:209)λίγος -η -ον nom.pl.m., comparative,smaller,Smyth§319.7. ε(cid:132)µίimpf.act.ind. 3rdpl. theywere,Pharr§964. 520ο(cid:134)ie. thecitizensofthebesiegedcity. (cid:211)τεwhen,assoonas. (cid:131)κάνω(α¯)impf.act.ind. 3rd pl.,wereapproaching,werearrivingat. (cid:211)θιwhere,attheplacewhere. ε(cid:135)κωimpf.act.ind. 3rd sg.,unaug.,itwasfitting,itseemedlikely. λοχάωaor.act.infin. tolieinwaitfor,toambush. 521(cid:153)νnear,by,on+dat. ποταµός—dat.sg. river. ¢ρδµός—nom.sg. watering-place. ε(cid:132)µί impf.act.ind. 3rdsg. itwas. π'ςπ'σαπ'νdat.pl.n. all. βοτόντόdat.pl. forgrazingbeasts. 10 œnq’ ¥ra to… g’ †zont’ e„lumšnoi a‡qopi calkù. to‹si d’ œpeit’ ¢p£neuqe dÚw skopoˆ e†ato laîn dšgmenoi ÐppÒte mÁla „do…ato kaˆ ›likaj boàj. 525 o‰ d(cid:157) t£ca progšnonto, dÚw d’ ¤m’ ›ponto nomÁej terpÒmenoi sÚrigxi: dÒlon d’ oÜ ti pronÒhsan. o‰ m(cid:157)n t¦ pro(cid:142)dÒntej ™pšdramon, ðka d’ œpeita t£mnont’ ¢mfˆ boîn ¢gšlaj kaˆ pèea kal¦ ¢rgennšwn o„în, kte‹non d’ ™pˆ mhlobotÁraj. 530 o‰ d’ æj oân ™pÚqonto polÝn kšladon par¦ bousˆn e„r£wn prop£roiqe kaq»menoi, aÙt…k’ ™f’ †ppwn 522(cid:156)νθα there. τοί ie. the citizens of the besieged city. (cid:134)ζω impf.mid.ind. 3rd pl., unaug., werecrouching,wereposted. ε(cid:132)λύω(¯υ)perf.pass.pple. nom.pl.m. havingbeencovered. α(cid:141)θοψ -οποςdat.sg.m. bright,flashing. χαλκός—dat.sg. withbronze,ie. armour. 523το(cid:139)σι for them ie. to warn the men in ambush of the approaching cattle. (cid:156)πειτα then. ¢πάνευθε apart, at a distance; detached from + gen. σκοπός — nom.pl. lookouts. ´µαι plupf.mid.ind. 3rdpl. hadpostedthemselves. λαός—gen.pl. people,hosts. 524δέχοµαι pres.mid.pple. nom.pl.m. waiting, watching. —π(π)ότε for the time when, until. µ`λοντόacc.pl. sheep. ε(cid:135)δω(#-)aor.mid.opt. 3rdpl. theymightsee. (cid:155)λιξ-ικος(#-)acc.pl.f. withtwistedhorns. βο(cid:224)ςβοός—„acc.pl.f. cattle,Pharr§701. 525ο(cid:134)ie. theanimals. τάχαadv. soon. προ-γίγνοµαιaor.mid.ind. 3rdpl.,unaug.,appeared, cameintoview. ⁄µαadv. alongwith; atthesametime. (cid:155)πωimpf.mid.ind. 3rdpl., unaug., wereaccompanying. νοµεύς—nom.pl. herdsmen. 526τέρπωpres.mid.pple.nom.pl.m.entertainingthemselves. σ(cid:224)ριγξ„dat.pl.withwindinstru- ments. δόλος—acc.sg. trap,strategy. ο(cid:220)τιadv. notatall,LHD.8.e.β. προ-νοέωaor.act.ind. 3rdpl.,unaug.,theydetectedbeforehand. 527ο(cid:134) µέν ie. the citizens in ambush. τά ie. the animals. προ-είδω aor.act.pple. nom.pl.m. havingseen. (cid:153)πι-τρέχωaor.act.ind. 3rdpl. theyattacked. (cid:231)κύςadv. immediately. (cid:156)πειτα then,thereafter. 528τάµνω (τάµνοντο) impf.mid.ind. 3rd pl., unaug., with ¢µφί, they surrounded and cut off, LHD.9. ¢µφίadv. around. βο(cid:224)ςβοός—„gen.pl.f. ofcattle. ¢γέλη„acc.pl. herds. π(cid:238)υ -εοςτόacc.pl. flocks. κα¯λός-ή-όνacc.pl.n. beautiful,lovely. 529¢ργεννός -ή -όν gen.pl.f. white. (cid:212)ϊς (cid:212)ϊος „ gen.pl. sheep. κτείνω impf.act.ind. 3rd pl., unaug.,theykilled,theywerekilling. (cid:153)πίadv. inaddition,too,LHD.I.5. µηλοβοτήρ-`ρος— acc.pl. shepherds. 530ο(cid:134) δέ ie. the beseiging army, whose animals are being stolen. (cid:230)ς adv. when, as soon as. ο(cid:226)νpointstosomethingalreadymentionedortothesituationathand,Smyth§2955. πεύθοµαι aor.mid.ind. 3rd pl. they heard. πολύς πολλή πολύ acc.sg.m. loud, Pharr §733. κέλαδος — acc.sg. noise. παράnear+dat. βο(cid:224)ςβοός—„dat.pl. cattle. 531ε(cid:135)ρη „ gen.pl. speaking place. προπάροιθε in front of, before. κάθ-ηµαι pres.mid.pple. nom.pl.m. sitting. α(cid:217)τίκα at once, immediately. (cid:153)φ’ = (cid:153)πί, the π becoming φ before the aspirated(cid:134)ππων. (cid:134)ππος—gen.pl. horses,chariots.