Lecture Notes in Computer Science 7032 CommencedPublicationin1973 FoundingandFormerSeriesEditors: GerhardGoos,JurisHartmanis,andJanvanLeeuwen EditorialBoard DavidHutchison LancasterUniversity,UK TakeoKanade CarnegieMellonUniversity,Pittsburgh,PA,USA JosefKittler UniversityofSurrey,Guildford,UK JonM.Kleinberg CornellUniversity,Ithaca,NY,USA AlfredKobsa UniversityofCalifornia,Irvine,CA,USA FriedemannMattern ETHZurich,Switzerland JohnC.Mitchell StanfordUniversity,CA,USA MoniNaor WeizmannInstituteofScience,Rehovot,Israel OscarNierstrasz UniversityofBern,Switzerland C.PanduRangan IndianInstituteofTechnology,Madras,India BernhardSteffen TUDortmundUniversity,Germany MadhuSudan MicrosoftResearch,Cambridge,MA,USA DemetriTerzopoulos UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles,CA,USA DougTygar UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,CA,USA GerhardWeikum MaxPlanckInstituteforInformatics,Saarbruecken,Germany Lora Aroyo Chris Welty Harith Alani Jamie Taylor Abraham Bernstein Lalana Kagal Natasha Noy Eva Blomqvist (Eds.) The Semantic Web – ISWC 2011 10th International Semantic Web Conference Bonn, Germany, October 23-27, 2011 Proceedings, Part II 1 3 VolumeEditors LoraAroyo VUUniversityAmsterdam,TheNetherlands;[email protected] ChrisWelty IBMResearch,YorktownHeights,NY,USA;[email protected] HarithAlani TheOpenUniversity,MiltonKeynes,UK;[email protected] JamieTaylor Google,MountainView,CA,USA;[email protected] AbrahamBernstein UniversityofZurich,Switzerland;Bernstein@ifi.uzh.ch LalanaKagal MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,Cambridge,MA,USA;[email protected] NatashaNoy StanfordUniversity,CA,USA;[email protected] EvaBlomqvist LinköpingUniversity,Sweden;[email protected] ISSN0302-9743 e-ISSN1611-3349 ISBN978-3-642-25092-7 e-ISBN978-3-642-25093-4 DOI10.1007/978-3-642-25093-4 SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2011939851 CRSubjectClassification(1998):C.2,H.4,H.3,H.5,J.1,K.4 LNCSSublibrary:SL3–InformationSystemsandApplication,incl.Internet/Web andHCI ©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2011 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,re-useofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting, reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublication orpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9,1965, initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Violationsareliable toprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply, evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelaws andregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Typesetting:Camera-readybyauthor,dataconversionbyScientificPublishingServices,Chennai,India Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface Ten years ago, several researchers decided to organize a workshop to bring together an emerging community of scientists who were working on adding machine-readablesemanticstotheWeb,theSemanticWeb.Theorganizerswere originally planning for a few dozen researchers to show up. When 200 of them came to Stanford in August 2001, the Semantic Web Workshop became the Semantic Web Working Symposium, and the International Semantic Web Con- ference(ISWC)wasborn.Muchhaschangedinthetenyearssincethatmeeting. The Semantic Web has become a well-recognizedresearchfield in its own right, and ISWC is a premier international research conference today. It brings to- gether researchers, practitioners, and users in artificial intelligence, databases, social networks, distributed computing, Web engineering, information systems, human–computer interaction, natural-language processing, and others. Compa- nies from Facebook to Google to the New York Times rely on Semantic Web technologies to link and organize their data; governments in the United States, UnitedKingdom,andothercountriesopenuptheirdatabymakingitaccessible toSemanticWebtools;scientistsinmanydomains,frombiology,tomedicine,to oceanography and environmental sciences, view machine-processable semantics as key to sharing their knowledge in today’s data-intensive scientific enterprise; semantic technology trade shows attract more than a thousand attendees. The focus of Semantic Web research has moved from issues of representing data on the Web and the growing pains of figuring out a common format to share it, to such challenges as handling billions of statements in a scalable way to making all this data accessible and usable to regular citizens. Thisvolumecontainsthe mainproceedingsofthe 10thInternationalSeman- ticWebConference(ISWC2011),whichwasheldinBonn,Germany,inOctober 2011.Wereceivedtremendousresponsetoourcallsforpapersfromatrulyinter- national community of researchers and practitioners. Indeed, every track of the conferencereceivedarecordnumberofsubmissionsthisyear.Thecarefulnature of the review process, and the breadth and scope of the papers finally selected for inclusion in this volume, speak to the quality of the conference and to the contributionsmadebyresearcherswhoseworkispresentedintheseproceedings. TheResearchTrackofthe conferenceattracted264submissions.Eachpaper receivedatleastthree,andsometimesasmanyasfive,reviewsfrommembersof theProgramCommittee.Afterthefirstroundofreviews,authorshadtheoppor- tunity to submit a rebuttal, leading to further discussions among the reviewers, a meta-review and a recommendation from a member of the Senior Program Committee. Every paper that had at least one recommendation for acceptance was discussed in a virtual meeting of the Senior ProgramCommittee. As the Semantic Web develops, we find a changing variety of subjects that emerge. This year the keywords of accepted papers were distributed as follows VI Preface (frequency in parentheses):ontologiesand semantics (15), database, IR, and AI technologies for the Semantic Web (14), management of Semantic Web data (11), reasoning over Semantic Web data (11), search, query, integration, and analysisonthe Semantic Web (10),robustandscalableknowledgemanagement and reasoning on the Web (10), interacting with Semantic Web data (9), on- tology modularity, mapping, merging, and alignment (8), languages, tools, and methodologies for representing and managing Semantic Web data (8), ontol- ogy methodology, evaluation, reuse, extraction, and evolution (7), evaluation of SemanticWebtechnologiesordata(7),specificontologiesandontologypatterns for the Semantic Web (6), new formalismsfor the Semantic Web (4), user inter- facesto the Semantic Web(3), cleaning,assurance,andprovenanceofSemantic Webdata,services,andprocesses(3),socialSemanticWeb(3),evaluationofSe- manticWebtechnology(3),SemanticWebpopulationfromthehumanWeb(3). Overall, the ISWC Program Committee members adopted strict standards for what constitutes high-quality Semantic Web researchand what papers must deliver in terms of theory, practice, and evaluation in order to be accepted to the ResearchTrack.Correspondingly,the ProgramCommittee acceptedonly50 papers, 19% of the submissions. TheSemanticWebIn-UseTrackreceived75submissions.Atleastthreemem- bers of the In-Use Program Committee provided reviews for each paper. Sev- enteen papers were accepted – a 23% acceptance rate. The large number of submissions this year demonstrated the increasingly diverse breadth of applica- tionsofSemanticWebtechnologiesinpractice.Papersdemonstratedhowseman- tic technologies could be used to drive a variety of simulation and test systems, manage distributed content and operate within embedded devices. Several pa- pers tapped the growing amount of semantically enriched environmental data available on the Web allowing communities to visualize, organize, and monitor collections for specific purposes. The Doctoral Consortium has become a key event at the conference over the years. PhD students get an opportunity to present their thesis proposals andto get detailedfeedback ontheir researchtopics andplans fromthe leading academic and industrial scientists in the field. Out of 31 submissions to the Doctoral Consortium, 6 were accepted as long papers for presentation at the conference, and 9 were accepted for presentation at the special Consortium- only poster session. Each student was assigned a mentor who led the discussion following the presentation of their proposal, and provided extensive feedback and comments. A unique aspect of the ISWC conference is the Semantic Web Challenge. In this competition, the ninth to be held at the conference, practitioners and scientists showcase useful and leading-edge applications of Semantic Web tech- nology.Diana Maynardand Chris Bizer organizedthe Semantic Web Challenge this year. The keynotetalks givenbyleading scientistsin the fieldfurther enrichedthe ISWC program. Alex (Sandy) Pentland, the director of the Human Dynamics LaboratoryandtheMediaLabEntrepreneurshipProgramattheMassachusetts Preface VII InstituteofTechnology,discussedtheNewDealonData—anewdataecosystem thatcanallowpersonaldatatobecomeanaccessibleassetforthenewgeneration of systems in health, finance, logistics, and transportation. Gerhard Weikum, a Research Director at the Max Planck Institute for Informatics, discussed the issues and approaches to extending and enriching linked data, in order to im- proveitsscope,quality,interoperability,cross-linking,andusefulness.Frankvan Harmelen, a professor at the VU University Amsterdam, and a participant and leader in Semantic Web research, provided his analysis of the past ten years, discussing whether any universalpatterns haveemergedin the waywe built the Semantic Web. Nigel Shadbolt, Deputy Head of the School of Electronics and Computer Science at the University of Southampton, gave a lively dinner talk. As in previous ISWC editions, the conference included an extensive Tuto- rial and Workshop program. Tania Tudorache and Heiner Stuckenschmidt, the Chairsofthis track,createda stellaranddiversecollectionof7 tutorials and16 workshops,wherethe only problemthatthe participantsfacedwaswhichofthe many exciting workshops to attend. We would like to thank Marta Sabou and Guilin Qi for organizing a lively PosterandDemoSession.Thisyear,thePostersandDemoswereintroducedina MinuteMadnessSession,whereeverypresentergot60secondstoprovideateaser for their poster or demo. Marco Neumann coordinated an exciting Industry Track with presentations both from younger companies focusing on semantic technologies and software giants, such as Yahoo! and Microsoft. As we look forward to the next ten years of Semantic Web research, we or- ganized an Outrageous Ideas Session, with a special award sponsored by the Computing Community Consortium. At this track, we invited scientists to sub- mit short papers describing unconventional and innovative ideas that identify new research opportunities in this field. A Program Committee of established Semantic Web researchers judged the submissions on the extent to which they expand the possibilities and horizons of the field. After presentation of short- listed papers at the conference both the PC members and the audience voted for the prize winners. We are indebted to Eva Blomqvist, our Proceedings Chair, who provided invaluablesupportincompilingthe volumethatyounowholdinyourhands(or see on your screen) and exhibited super-human patience in allowing the other Chairs to stretchdeadlines to the absolute limits. Many thanks to JenGolbeck, the Fellowship Chair, for securing and managing the distribution of student travelgrants and thus helping students who might not have otherwise attended the conference to come to Bonn. Mark Greaves and Elena Simperl were tireless intheirworkasSponsorshipChairs,knockingoneveryconceivablevirtual‘door’ and ensuring an unprecedented level of sponsorshipthis year.We are especially grateful to all the sponsors for their generosity. As has been the case in the past, ISWC 2011 also contributed to the linked datacloudby providingsemanticallyannotateddataaboutmanyaspectsofthe conference. This contribution would not have been possible without the efforts of Lin Clark, our Metadata Chair. VIII Preface Juan Sequeda, our Publicity Chair, was tirelessly twittering, facebooking, andsendingold-fashionedannouncementsonthemailinglists,creatingfarmore lively ‘buzz’ than ISWC ever had. Our very special thanks go to the Local Organization Team, led by Stef- fen Staab and York Sure-Vetter. They did a fantastic job of handling local ar- rangements, thinking of every potential complication way before it arose, often doing things when members of the Organizing Committee were only beginning to think about asking for them. Special thanks go to Ruth Ehrenstein for her enormous resourcefulness, foresight, and anticipation of the conference needs andrequirements.We extend ourgratitude to Silke Werger,HolgerHeuser,and Silvia Kerner. Finally, we would like to thank all members of the ISWC Organizing Com- mitteenotonlyforhandlingtheirtrackssuperbly,butalsofortheirwidercontri- butiontothecollaborativedecision-makingprocessinorganizingtheconference. October 2011 Lora Aroyo Chris Welty ProgramCommittee Co-chairs Research Track Harith Alani Jamie Taylor ProgramCommittee Co-chairs Semantic Web In-Use Track Abraham Bernstein Lalana Kagal Doctoral Consortium Chairs Natasha Noy Conference Chair Conference Organization Organizing Committee Conference Chair Natasha Noy Stanford University, USA Program Chairs–Research Track Lora Aroyo VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands Chris Welty IBM Watson Research Center, USA Semantic Web In-Use Chairs Harith Alani KMI, Open University, UK Jamie Taylor Google, USA Doctoral Consortium Chairs Abraham Bernstein University of Zurich, Switzerland Lalana Kagal Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA Industry Track Chair Marco Neumann KONA, USA Posters and Demos Chairs Guilin Qi Southeast University, China Marta Sabou MODUL University, Austria Workshops and Tutorials Chairs Heiner Stuckenschmidt University of Mannheim, Germany Tania Tudorache Stanford University, USA Semantic Web Challenge Chairs Christian Bizer Free University Berlin, Germany Diana Maynard University of Sheffield, UK Metadata Chair Lin Clark DERI Galway, Ireland X Conference Organization Local Organization Chairs Steffen Staab University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany York Sure-Vetter GESIS and University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany Local Organization Ruth Ehrenstein University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany Sponsorship Chairs Mark Greaves Vulcan, USA Elena Simperl Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany Publicity Chair Juan Sequeda University of Texas at Austin, USA Fellowship Chair Jen Golbeck University of Maryland, USA Proceedings Chair Eva Blomqvist Linko¨ping University and ISTC-CNR, Sweden/Italy Webmaster Holger Heuser GESIS, Germany Senior Program Committee – Research Mathieu d’Aquin Open University, UK Philippe Cudr´e-Mauroux University of Fribourg, Switzerland J´erˆome Euzenat INRIA and LIG, France Aldo Gangemi STLab, ISTC-CNR, Italy Jeff Heflin Lehigh University, USA Ian Horrocks University of Oxford, UK Geert-Jan Houben Delft UniversityofTechnology,TheNetherlands Aditya Kalyanpur IBM Research, USA David Karger MIT, USA Manolis Koubarakis National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece Diana Maynard University of Sheffield, UK Peter Mika Yahoo! Research, Spain Peter F. Patel-Schneider Bell Labs, USA Axel Polleres Siemens AG/DERI Galway, Austria/Ireland