The Self-Marginalization of Wilhelm Stekel Freudian Circles Inside and Out PATH IN PSYCHOLOGY Published in Cooperation with Publications for the Advancement of Theory and History in Psychology (PATH) Series Editors: David Bakan, York University John M. Broughton, Teachers College, Columbia University Robert W. Rieber, John Hay College, CUNY, and Columbia University Howard Gruber, University of Geneva CHOICES FOR LIVING:Coping with Fear and Dying Thoman S. Langner COGNITIVE SCIENCE AND GENETIC EPISTEMOLOGY:ACase Study of Understanding David Leiser and Christiana Gillièron ACRITICALPSYCHOLOGY:Interpretation of the Personal World Edmund V. Sullivan CRITICALTHEORIES OF PSYCHOLOGICALDEVELOPMENT Edited by John M. Broughton CULTURALPSYCHOLOGY AND QUALITATIVE METHODOLOGY:Theoretical and Empirical Considerations Carl Ratner CULTURALPSYCHOLOGY:Theory and Method Carl Ratner DEVELOPMENTALAPPROACHES TO THE SELF Edited by Benjamin Lee and Gil G. 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Robinson The Self-Marginalization of Wilhelm Stekel Freudian Circles Inside and Out Jaap Bos Utrecht University Utrecht, The Netherlands Leendert Groenendijk Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands With contributions by Johan Sturm Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands Paul Roazen York University Toronto, Canada Jaap Bos Leendert Groenendijk Department of Interdisciplinary Department of Psychology and Social Science (ASW) Educational Sciences Utrecht University Vrije Universiteit PO Box 80.140 1 Van der Boechorststraat 3508 TC, Utrecht 1081 BT, Amsterdam The Netherlands The Netherlands [email protected] [email protected] Cover drawing by Gertrude Zuckerkandl Library of Congress Control Number: 2006925253 ISSN: 1574-048X ISBN-10: 0-387-32699-5 ISBN-13: 978-0-387-32699-3 eISBN-13: 978-0-387-32700-6 ©2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com FOREWORD Like in philosophy, in psychoanalysis the history of the discipline is an essential component of its subject matter, body of observations, and even method. The present work by Bos and Groenendijk about Stekel is a most welcome contribution to scholarly historical research in psychoanalysis. Wilhelm Stekel is today all but forgotten, but in his time he was one of the most prolific psychoanalytic writers. Volume IV alone of Grinstein’s The Index of Psychoanalytic Writingslists 214 articles and books and 151 abstracts. Stekel achieved considerable fame in Vienna and even more so in the United States, where his books on sexual aberrations were widely read. Among cli- nicians in the United States, E.A. Gutheil was his most devoted champion. Personally I have had considerable liking for Stekel’s ideas, and especially for his notion of the polyphony of thought. Patients come for treatment because of fears and anxieties regarding relationships with other people. But they all are also immensely afraid of their own thoughts. Stekel was unique in understanding such anxieties and analyzed them from many angles. He was also unusually frank about his own sexuality and courageous with deal- ing with the subject of sexuality in others. I learned an interesting detail about the history of my first psychoanalytic teacher in the early 1960s, the Jewish-Hungarian analyst Sandor Feldman. Apparently Feldman was once threatened with ostracism by the International Psychoanalytic Association because of his adherence to Stekel. In spite of Stekel’s pioneering role in the early days of the psychoana- lytic movement, Freud developed an intense dislike toward the man even as he praised some of his contributions. As a result Wilhelm Stekel was mar- ginalized already prior to his expulsion from the psychoanalytic movement in 1912. The authors astutely analyze the social phenomenon of marginaliza- tion, the role of Stekel himself in shaping this fate of his, and the behavior of Freud and others in the movement. Psychoanalysis as a method has some claim of being unitary, as for example in the technique of free association and dream interpretation; but there has been a decline of interest in these areas in the last decades. Also, from its inception, as a body of observation and clinical practice it was pre- eminently concerned with the many faces of sexuality. Sexuality, too, has fallen by the wayside, at first overshadowed by ego psychology, beginning in the 1920s, and more recently displaced by self-psychology. In connection with sexuality, the authors resurrect a historical quarrel between Freud and Stekel about the alleged harmfulness of masturbation. It turns out that Freud v vi FOREWORD acted out a major prejudice against masturbation, in the manner of medical men and educators of the 19th century whose books and pamphlets filled libraries by the hundreds. However, the height of debate, dissension, and destruction of careers and lives was reached in the realm of theories. Early on psychoanalysis, aclinical discipline has often, and rather glibly, been attacked as a sect, a cult, a religion. In some ways this analogy is right: the very idea that there are orthodox analysts or an orthodox psychoanalysis, whereas there are ortho- dox physicists or orthodox physics, supports the contention that in defend- ing certain theories against dissenters Freud acted as a pope persecuting heretics. To use another religious analogy, Freud was practicing the old Jewish herem, or excommunication of heretics, as happened to Spinoza with Amsterdam Jews, or the Holy Inquisition, who burned Giordano Bruno at the stake and nearly condemned Galileo to the same fate. The history of ideas and the psychoanalytic movement has been stud- ied from two divergent perspectives: the hagiographic, or the official story, e.g., by Ernest Jones or Peter Gay; and the iconoclastic, or revisionist, e.g., Phyllis Grosskurth. Clearly, these two perspectives reflect the orthodoxy bequeathed upon the followers by Freud himself or the keepers of the faith, the famous “Secret Committee.” One is reminded of the break-up with Adler and Jung over issues of doctrine as well as the acrimony with which Freud attacked Wilhelm Reich for dissenting from his theory of the death instinct and his subsequent excommunication. As often happens to dissenters, both Wilhelms were not only branded as deviant but also as mentally disturbed. It goes without saying that other than doctrine, as in the case of the Catholics and the Protestants, the inclusions in and exclusions from of people in the various psychoanalytic societies were always a matter of psychoanalytic politics. But politics has been the blind spot, nay, has been treated with denial, by Freud and the epigones as well. The authors address this issue, too. In this connection I would like to pay a special tribute to the pioneering work of the historian Paul Roazen, co-author of one of the chapters, whose recent untimely death saddened many. It should also be noted that politics of exclusion have been at the heart of warfare among analysts of different persuasions both in Europe and in the United States: Freudians against Jungians; Melanie Klein against Anna Freud; true Freudians vs. neo-Freudians, such as Harald Schultz-Hencke and Karen Horney; the question of medical psychoanalysis and the decades of exclusion of lay psychoanalysis, as happened in the United States. Studying the lives of prominent dissidents, such as Reich, Ferenczi, and Stekel, who, in turn viewed themselves as true Freudians, is both a fascinat- ing and an indispensable part of this history that is still relevant to us FOREWORD vii today, to the question where do we come from and where are we going. Illuminating in this context is the comparison the authors provide of two histories of the psychoanalytic movement: Freud and Stekel. And so is the volume in its entirety. Zvi Lothane, M. D. Author of In Defense of Schreber/ Soul Murder and Psychiatry Associate Professor of Psychiatry Mount Sinai School of Medicine Member IPAand APsaA PREFACE This book became a book when it was half-written already. We had been working on the history of psychoanalysis in general, and on Stekel in partic- ular, independent of each other for some time before we met through a mutual contact. Having discovered that we shared a common interest, we decided to write a paper together. The result of this initial collaboration was published in The International Journal of Psychoanalysisas “The art of imitation: Wilhelm Stekel’s Lehrjahre”, which now reappears as Chapter 5 in this book. The focus in this paper is on reading Stekel’s and Freud’s work in a “dialog- ical way”. The Stekel–Freud relationship was an ambiguous one, we believe, and some of their writings read both as a (covert) reflection of as well as an instrument in this relationship. In trying to lay bare a “conversation between the lines” we focussed on Stekel’s formative years and commented on the function of autobiographical narratives in their respective works as one of the mechanisms that produces psychoanalytic discourse. With our paper on Stekel’s formative years published in the summer of 2004 we felt that the idea of reading psychoanalysis dialogically was not yet exhausted, and so it only seemed natural to continue our collaboration. We quickly established that the overarching theme should be the problem of mar- ginalization and self-marginalization, and that one way to understand Stekel’s position is to look at it from the perspective of “constructive” or “positive mar- ginality”. Accordingly, we rearranged and partly rewrote a number of papers that we had written earlier, which now make up the main gist of this book. While we left the argumentation of each paper largely intact, we smoothened stylistic issues to fit them into a coherent whole, even if some repetition was unavoidable at times. Thus, while this book discusses in detail the work and influence of Wilhelm Stekel, and his ambiguous relationship to Freud, it is not so much a biography of a “forgotten psychoanalyst”, but rather a study in the dimen- sions of marginality as displayed in the work of one such “marginal author”. The various chapters focus on dialogical, interpersonal, social and psycho- logical dimensions of marginality and self-marginality. The main argument developed in this book is that marginalization had had beneficial aspects to both Stekel and Freud. It gave Stekel room for what could be called dissentient originality, while it allowed Freud to use Stekel’s dis- sentience as a counter position against which he would build his arguments. It is in this sense that the Freud–Stekel relationship was formative for many of Freud’s relations, both with his own followers as well as with his adversaries. ix