THE SEA PEOPLES AND ANNALES: A CONTEXTUAL STUDY OF THE LATE BRONZE AGE. by DANIEL JACOBUS KRüGER submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGY at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: PROF. WS BOSHOFF NOVEMBER 2004 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures CHAPTER 1 ORIENTATION AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 1. Introduction 2. Purpose of the paper CHAPTER 2 ‘NOUVELLE HISTOIRE’ – THE ‘NEW HISTORY’ AND THE ANNALES MOVEMENT 1. The Origins of the Annales movement 2. What defines the Annalist School? 2.1 The editors: Bloch and Febvre 2.2 Structural history: the age of Braudel 2.3 Serial history 2.4 The fourth generation 3. The role of the historian 4. Evaluation CHAPTER 3 2 FERNAND BRAUDEL AND HIS MEDITERRANEAN – THE ‘HISTORY OF EVERYTHING’ 1. Introduction 2. La Méditerranée: Braudel’s masterpiece 3. Braudel’s towards the past 3.1 La longue durée 3.2 Conjuncture 3.3 Événements 4. Critical commentary CHAPTER 4 ARCHAEOLOGY AND ANNALES – A PARTNERSHIP CENTERED ON THE PAST 1. Introduction 2. Shared concepts 2.1 A multidisciplinary approach 2.2 The concept of time 2.3 Quantification 3. Annales and Syro-Palestinian archaeology CHAPTER 5 THE LATE BRONZE AGE: AN OVERVIEW 1. The end of the Kingdom of Ugarit 2. The eastern Mediterranean during the Late Bronze Age 3 2.1 The end of the palace system in Mycenae 2.2 Cyprus 2.3 The Hittite empire 2.4 The collapse of the Egyptian administration in Canaan 2.5 The settlement of the Philistines in the LevantY CHAPTER 6 THE GEOGRAPHIC CONTEXT OF THE SEA PEOPLES: THE DYNAMIC NATURE OF THE ENVIRONMENT 1. Introduction 2. Periodisation 3. Change in the Mediterranean: models of change 4. Who were the peoples of the Sea? 5. The Mediterranean constants CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY 4 LIST OF FIGURES Number Page 1. Archaeological sites: Late Bronze Age...............................................37 2. The Hittite Empire: 13th century..........................................................48 3. The naval battle, Medinet Habu..........................................................62 4. Double-pithos burial, Tell es-Sa’idiyeh ..............................................75 5 Acknowledgements I wish to express my sincere appreciation to Professor W.S Boshoff for his assistance in the preparation of this manuscript. Apart from his valuable academic assistance, we have in the years become good friends. In addition, special thanks to Me. Erika Cruywagen, my fiancée, whose support proved invalaluable, especially during the last few months. I am sincerely indebted to all my friends, family and colleagues, to numerous to mention by name but whose encouragement have carried me through the last years. DJ Krüger November 2004 6 CHAPTER 1 ORIENTATION AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. 1.1 Introduction “Most of all it is the sea that delineates precisely the layout of the land, creating gulfs, sea basins, traversable narrows and, in the same way, isthmuses, peninsulas and capes, in this the rivers and mountains also play their part.” (Strabo, Geography, 2.5.17)1 The events of the Late Bronze Age Early Iron Age (LB/EI) transition in the Near East have for years intrigued historians and archaeologists alike. Seemingly unrelated events have led to the ruin of numerous city-states in Anatolia, Syro- Palestine, Mycenae and Cyprus. To add to this, Egyptian mortuary texts illustrate a dramatic sea and land battle between the Egyptians and foreign invaders. Several authors have described the subsequent era in passionate terms comparing it with ‘Dark Ages’. Recently however, several publications have surfaced that maintain a more constructive view towards the Sea Peoples and the changes that occurred with their arrival. The Annales School is a unique historiographical movement that embodies a methodology that may possibly offer us a means through which to understand the events of the Late Bronze/Early Iron Age. Through their emphasis on a multidisciplinary approach, a ‘total’ approach towards history and a unique concept of time the Annales movement shares a partnership with archaeology that penetrates deeper that just a their chosen field of research: the past. Archaeology, especially as it is practised in Syro-Palestine has, until very recently, relied primarily on the Bible to define its research matter. Although the Annales has been known as a school, it shies away from using a rigorous paradigm, and could preferably be appreciated as a movement or a paradigm rather than a school. 1.2 Purpose of the paper 1 In Horden and Purcell, 2000. 7 The principle focus of the study is an interpretation of the 12th century BCE (Late Bronze/Early Iron Age) and the socio-political changes in the Eastern Mediterranean. The purpose of the study revolves around the introduction and application of a histiographical movement, the Annales School, in a particular archaeological context and period. The employment of the Annales movement, in the way described above, demands the identification of key elements in the Annales movement that would facilitate interpretation as well as a familiarity of the particular period in question, the Late Bronze/Early Iron Age or 12th century BCE. This will entail the identification of socio-political entities, an analysis of the transition period and an evaluation of the evidence that includes textual, archaeological and environmental evidence. The aim is to divide to era into comparable units, the recognition of differences and regularities between the units, the construction of models of change that could provide an explanatory tool and interpretation of the findings. The study therefore revolves around four issues. • The potential of the Annales movement as an explanatory tool. • In what way must the Annales principles be employed to achieve the desired results? • The provision of a proper contextual framework within which the changes of the LB/EI took place. • Interpretation of the context. 8 CHAPTER 2 NOUVELLE HISTOIRE – THE ‘NEW HISTORY’ AND THE ANNALES MOVEMENT 2.1 The Origins of the Annales Movement The Annales Schools’ official origin can be traced to the establishment in 1929, at the University of Strasbourg, of the journal: Annales d’Histoire Sociale et Economique (and since 19551 Annales: Economies, Socíetés, Civilisations2 (Knapp 1993:7). As with most ground breaking and influential movements, opinions were often as abundant as they were diverse, with assessments ranging from enthusiastic to disapproving3. Although the official origins of the movement can be traced to the establishment of the journal mentioned above, their source must be traced to an older generation unhappy with the domination of traditional historiography. French historiography in the 19th century was a discipline that was based on so called Rankeian4 theory, a theory that focussed on empirical data, primary sources, and political and diplomatic history (Wallerstein 1982:110). Wallerstein argues that the Annales School must be traced back even further to the origin of the modern social and historical sciences and the triumph of the universalising/sectorialisation thought. This focused on the notion that knowledge begins with the particular and ends with the abstract (universalising thought), and that there are separate parallel paths for the different sectors of knowledge (sectorialisation). Universalising thought relied on two basic concepts, firstly that through the description of reality abstract laws could be formulated, which then would be held as true through all time and space. This belief became the ideology of modern social science. The second belief did not progress further than a mere description of reality, denying the possibility of going beyond description (Wallerstein 1982:108). The notion of knowledge as being sectorialised gave rise 1 According to Hunt, the journal took its current name in 1946 (Hunt 1986:209). 2 Alternatively, in English ‘Annales: Economies, Sociétiés, Civilisations’ (Hunt 1986:209). 3 Cf the following opinions: “No group of scholars has had a greater impact, or a more fertilising effect, on the study of history in this century than that of the French historians of the Annales School” and “is condemned continually to resort to illustration more than to analysis, to exhibits more than to critical interpretation and in sum to ex post facto argument, argument which stands and fall with the soundness of others’ research” (Knapp 1993:8). 9 to the various disciplines in the social sciences. This separation, not only on an intellectual level but also administratively, divided the social sciences into the five mainstream disciplines: anthropology, economics, geography, political science and sociology (Wallerstein 1982:109). Turning to state archives in its attempts to study the past, history became an idiographic discipline relying only on facts or events (Knapp 1993:8). While historians therefore restricted their scope to immediate and often static knowledge, social sciences resorted to a nomothetic approach, searching for general, universal laws. In this hyper-specialised state, it became increasingly difficult to perceive the real historical world. The separation in theoretical approaches, paved the way for the formation of a variety of resistance movements. Staatswissenschaften5, Marxism6 and Annales rose to prominence as a reaction to the universalising/sectorialisational ideologies (Knapp 1993:9). In contrast with the fragmented historical approaches described above, the Annalist approach emphasised a holistic approach where economy and society rather than politics play a role, where long term patterns instead of short term events are considered, quantitive rather than chronological sequence and structural rather than narrative history is stressed (Knapp 1993:9). This new perspective, around the turn of the 19th century, therefore rejected the German traditional scholarship with their emphasis on great men and the development of a national character (Bintliff 1991:4). Coining the term ‘nouvelle histoire’ or new history, Marc Bloch7 and Lucien Febvre8 focused on replacing the Sorbonne based political history, predominantly a narrative history, which concentrated mainly on French political events (Bintliff 1991:5). Their aim was the 4 A reference to Leopold von Ranke (1795 - 1886), a German historian and educator, who tended to emphasise political history while ignoring economic and social forces (Microsoft Encarta: Premium Suite 2004). Ranke’s wish was to write history as it really was or ‘wie es eigentlich gewesen’ (Last 1995:141). 5 This movement, based in Germany, based their ideology on the principle that social patterns of the different areas were the consequence of their differing histories. This led to different institutional structures that in turn determined the various contemporary social processes (Wallerstein 1982:109). 6 “…All history is the history of the class struggle…” Marx asserted that human behaviour was social and not individual, historically rooted and structurally analysable (Wallerstein 1982:111). 7 Born in Lyon, France, Marc Bloch (1886-1944) was principally a medievalist. The son of a great historian, Gustave Bloch, he was a brilliant scholar winning a fellowship for study at the Universities of Berlin and Leipzig (1908-1909). He taught at the University of Strasbourg (1919-1936), where he met Lucien Febvre, and at the Sorbonne (1936-1940) as a professor of economic history. He served in the French Army during World War 1 and 2 and joined the French resistance where he was captured, tortured and executed by the Gestapo in 1944 (Braudel 1973:465 and Microsoft Encarta: Premium Suite 2004). 8 Lucien Febvre (1878-1956) was born in Nancy, France. After teaching briefly at the University of Dijon, he took up a lectureship at the University of Strasbourg (1919-1933), before he was appointed professor at the Collège de France from 1933-1950 (Microsoft Encarta: Premium Suite 2004). 10