Other Books of the Author The Road to Zero—Somalia’s Self-Destruction. SOMALIA—A Nation Driven to Despair. Diplomacy and Protocol (In Somali language). SOMALIA—Between Devils and Deep Sea. SOMALIA—Past and Present. SOMALIA—Past and Present (In Somali language). THE SCRAMBLE IN THE HORN OF AFRICA History of Somalia (1827–1977) Mohamed Osman Omar Somali Publications, Mogadishu 2001 © Mohamed Osman Omar First Published: 2001 Reprint: 2009 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written permission of the publisher. The Author hereby asserts his right to be identified as the Author of the work. Published in India by Somali Publications Co. Ltd. E-mail:[email protected] [email protected] Typeset by Digigrafics, New Delhi Printed at Everest Press, New Delhi