THE SCIENCE OF PSYCHOLOGY 5 An Appreciative View LAURA A. KING University of Missouri, Columbia 1 i 2 THE SCIENCE OF PSYCHOLOGY: AN APPRECIATIVE VIEW, FIFTH EDITION Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright © 2020 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Previous editions © 2017, 2014, and 2011. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education, including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LWI 24 23 22 21 20 19 ISBN 978-1-260-50052-3 (bound edition) MHID 1-260-50052-7 (bound edition) ISBN 978-1-260-04171-2 (loose-leaf edition) MHID 1-260-04171-9 (loose-leaf edition) Senior Portfolio Manager: Nancy Welcher Senior Product Developer: Cara Labell Executive Marketing Manager: Augustine Laferrera Marketing Manager: Olivia Kaiser Lead Content Project Managers: Jodi Banowetz; Sandy Wille Senior Buyer: Laura Fuller Lead Designer: David W. Hash Senior Content Licensing Specialist: Ann Marie Jannette Cover Image: ©Creative Crop/Getty Images Compositor: Lumina Datamatics, Inc. 3 All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: King, Laura A. (Laura Ann), author. Title: The science of psychology: an appreciative view / Laura A. King, University of Missouri, Columbia. Description: Fifth edition. | New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education, [2020] Identifiers: LCCN 2019018566 | ISBN 9781260500523 (alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Psychology—Study and teaching. Classification: LCC BF77 .K53 2020 | DDC 150.76—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019018566 The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill Education, and McGraw-Hill Education does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites. mheducation.com/highered ii 4 Sam for iii 5 the author about ©Lisa Jensen LAURA A. KING Laura King did her undergraduate work at Kenyon College, where, already an English major, she declared a second major in psychology during the second semester of her junior year. She completed her AB in English with high honors and distinction and in psychology with distinction in 1986. Laura then did graduate work at Michigan State University and the University of California, Davis, receiving her PhD in personality psychology in 1991. Laura began her career at Southern Methodist University in Dallas, moving to the University of Missouri in 2001, where she is now a Curators’ Professor of Psychological Science. In addition to seminars in the development of character, social psychology, and personality psychology, she has taught undergraduate lecture courses in introductory psychology, introduction to personality psychology, and social psychology. At SMU, she received six different teaching awards, 6 including the “M” award for “sustained excellence” in 1999. At the University of Missouri, she received the Chancellor’s Award for Outstanding Research and Creative Activity in 2004. Her research, which has been funded by the National Institute of Mental Health and the National Science Foundation, has focused on a variety of topics relevant to the question of what it is that makes for a good life. She has studied goals, life stories, happiness, well-being, and meaning in life. In general, her work reflects an enduring interest in studying what is good and healthy in people. In 2001, she earned recognition for her research accomplishments with a Templeton Prize in Positive Psychology. In 2011, she received the Ed and Carol Diener Award for Distinguished Contributions to Personality Psychology. In 2015, she received the Society for Personality and Social Psychology Award for service to the field, in part for her efforts in bringing the science of psychology to students. In 2019, she received the Jack Block Award for distinguished contributions to personality psychology. Laura’s research (often in collaboration with undergraduate and graduate students) has been published in American Psychologist, the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Psychological Bulletin, and Psychological Science. Laura has held numerous editorial positions. She is currently the editor of Perspectives on Psychological Science. She was editor-in-chief of the Personality and Individual Differences section of the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology and the Journal of Research in Personality and associate editor for the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology and Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, as well as on numerous grant panels. She has edited or coedited special sections of the Journal of Personality and American Psychologist. In “real life,” Laura is an accomplished cook and enjoys hosting lavish dinner parties, listening to music (mostly jazz vocalists and singer- songwriters), running with her faithful dogs Bill and John, and swimming and debating with her son Sam. iv 7 BRIEF CONTENTS Preface CHAPTER 1 What Is Psychology? CHAPTER 2 Psychology’s Scientific Method CHAPTER 3 Biological Foundations of Behavior CHAPTER 4 Sensation and Perception CHAPTER 5 States of Consciousness CHAPTER 6 Learning CHAPTER 7 Memory CHAPTER 8 Thinking, Intelligence, and Language CHAPTER 9 Human Development CHAPTER 10 Motivation and Emotion CHAPTER 11 Gender, Sex, and Sexuality CHAPTER 12 Personality 8 CHAPTER 13 Social Psychology CHAPTER 14 Industrial and Organizational Psychology CHAPTER 15 Psychological Disorders CHAPTER 16 Therapies CHAPTER 17 Health Psychology Glossary References Name Index Subject Index v vi 9