The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry 31 Series Editors: Damià Barceló · Andrey G. Kostianoy Radmila Milačič Janez Ščančar Momir Paunović Editors The Sava River The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Founded by Otto Hutzinger Editors-in-Chief: Damia` Barcelo´ Andrey G. Kostianoy l Volume 31 Advisory Board: Jacob de Boer, Philippe Garrigues, Ji-Dong Gu, Kevin C. Jones, Thomas P. Knepper, Alice Newton, Donald L. Sparks The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Recently Published and Forthcoming Volumes TheSavaRiver ChemicalStructureofPelagicRedox VolumeEditors:R.Milacˇicˇ,J.Sˇcˇancˇar, Interfaces:ObservationandModeling andM.Paunovic´ VolumeEditor:E.V.Yakushev Vol.31,2014 Vol.22,2013 TheLlobregat:TheStoryofaPolluted PotableWater:EmergingGlobal MediterraneanRiver ProblemsandSolutions VolumeEditors:S.Sabater,A.Ginebreda, VolumeEditors:T.Younos andD.Barcelo´ andC.A.Grady Vol.21,2012 Vol.30,2014 EmergingOrganicContaminants Risk–InformedManagementof andHumanHealth EuropeanRiverBasins VolumeEditor:D.Barcelo´ VolumeEditors:J.Brils,W.Brack, Vol.20,2012 D.Mu¨ller,P.Ne´grel,andJ.E.Vermaat Vol.29,2014 EmergingandPriorityPollutantsin Rivers:BringingScienceintoRiver TheTurkmenLakeAltynAsyrand ManagementPlans WaterResourcesinTurkmenistan VolumeEditors:H.Guasch,A.Ginebreda, VolumeEditors:I.S.Zonnand andA.Geiszinger A.G.Kostianoy Vol.19,2012 Vol.28,2014 GlobalRisk-BasedManagementof Oil PollutionintheBalticSea ChemicalAdditivesI:Production, VolumeEditors:A.G.Kostianoyand UsageandEnvironmentalOccurrence O.Yu.Lavrova VolumeEditors:B.Bilitewski,R.M.Darbra, Vol.27,2013 andD.Barcelo´ Vol.18,2012 UrbanAirQualityinEurope VolumeEditors:M.Viana PolyfluorinatedChemicalsand Vol.26,2013 TransformationProducts VolumeEditors:T.P.Knepper ClimateChangeandWaterResources andF.T.Lange VolumeEditors:T.YounosandC.A.Grady Vol.17,2012 Vol.25,2013 BrominatedFlameRetardants EmergingOrganicContaminantsin VolumeEditors:E.EljarratandD.Barcelo´ Sludges:Analysis,FateandBiological Vol.16,2011 Treatment VolumeEditors:T.Vicent,G.Caminal, Effect-DirectedAnalysisofComplex E.Eljarrat,andD.Barcelo´ EnvironmentalContamination Vol.24,2013 VolumeEditor:W.Brack Vol.15,2011 GlobalRisk-BasedManagementof ChemicalAdditivesII:Risk-Based WasteWaterTreatmentandReuse AssessmentandManagementStrategies intheMediterraneanRegion VolumeEditors:B.Bilitewski,R.M.Darbra, VolumeEditors:D.Barcelo´andM.Petrovic andD.Barcelo´ Vol.14,2011 Vol.23,2013 The Sava River Volume Editors: Radmila Milacˇicˇ (cid:1) Janez Sˇcˇancˇar (cid:1) Momir Paunovic´ With contributions by A. Adrović (cid:1) M. Ahel (cid:1) S. Anđus (cid:1) A. Atanacković (cid:1) M. Brilly (cid:1) A.Ceglar(cid:1)J.Crnobrnja-Isailović(cid:1)M.Ćaleta(cid:1)N.Ćosić(cid:1)M.V.Cvijan(cid:1) D. Dimović (cid:1) Z. Dragun (cid:1) B. Erg (cid:1) V. Filipović Marijić (cid:1) Z. Gačić (cid:1) A. Galir Balkić (cid:1) S. Gottstein (cid:1) B. Grabarić (cid:1) Z. Grabarić (cid:1) S. Grošelj (cid:1) E. Heath (cid:1) M. Horvat (cid:1) S. Hudina (cid:1) M. Jaklič (cid:1) S. Jarić (cid:1) D. Jelić (cid:1) T. Kanduč (cid:1) D. Kapetanović (cid:1) B. Karadžić (cid:1) V.R. Karadžić (cid:1) J. Knežević-Vukčević (cid:1) D. Kocman (cid:1) S. Kolarević (cid:1) D. Komatina (cid:1) M. Koprivšek (cid:1) S. Kovačević (cid:1) M. Kračun-Kolarević (cid:1) J. Kotnik (cid:1) D. Kotrošan (cid:1) J. Lajtner (cid:1) D. Lisičić (cid:1) A. Lucić (cid:1) D. Madunić-Čačić (cid:1) J.Makovinska(cid:1)S.Marinković(cid:1)V.Marković(cid:1)R.Milačič(cid:1)Đ.Milošević(cid:1) M. Mitrović (cid:1) V. Nikolić (cid:1) N. Ogrinc (cid:1) A.M. 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Žganec Editors RadmilaMilacˇicˇ JanezSˇcˇancˇar DepartmentofEnvironmentalSciences DepartmentofEnvironmentalSciences JozˇefStefanInstitute JozˇefStefanInstitute Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia Slovenia MomirPaunovic´ InstituteforBiologicalResearch “SinisˇaStankovic´” UniversityofBelgrade Belgrade Serbia TheHandbookofEnvironmentalChemistry ISSN1867-979X ISSN1616-864X(electronic) ISBN978-3-662-44033-9 ISBN978-3-662-44034-6(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-662-44034-6 SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014952680 © Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2015 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerpts inconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysisormaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeing enteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.Duplication ofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheCopyrightLawofthe Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer.PermissionsforusemaybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyrightClearanceCenter. 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Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Editors-in-Chief Prof.Dr.Damia` Barcelo´ Prof.Dr.AndreyG.Kostianoy DepartmentofEnvironmentalChemistry P.P.ShirshovInstituteofOceanology IDAEA-CSIC RussianAcademyofSciences C/JordiGirona18–26 36,NakhimovskyPr. 08034Barcelona,Spain 117997Moscow,Russia and [email protected] CatalanInstituteforWaterResearch(ICRA) H20Building ScientificandTechnologicalParkofthe UniversityofGirona EmiliGrahit,101 17003Girona,Spain [email protected] Advisory Board Prof.Dr.JacobdeBoer IVM,VrijeUniversiteitAmsterdam,TheNetherlands Prof.Dr.PhilippeGarrigues UniversityofBordeaux,France Prof.Dr.Ji-DongGu TheUniversityofHongKong,China Prof.Dr.KevinC.Jones UniversityofLancaster,UnitedKingdom Prof.Dr.ThomasP.Knepper UniversityofAppliedScience,Fresenius,Idstein,Germany Prof.Dr.AliceNewton UniversityofAlgarve,Faro,Portugal Prof.Dr.DonaldL.Sparks PlantandSoilSciences,UniversityofDelaware,USA v ThiSisaFMBlankPage The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Also Available Electronically The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry is included in Springer’s eBook packageEarthandEnvironmentalScience. Ifalibrarydoes notoptfor thewhole package,thebookseriesmaybeboughtonasubscriptionbasis. ForallcustomerswhohaveastandingordertotheprintversionofTheHandbook ofEnvironmentalChemistry,weofferfreeaccesstotheelectronicvolumesofthe SeriespublishedinthecurrentyearviaSpringerLink.Ifyoudonothaveaccess,you canstillviewthetableofcontentsofeachvolumeandtheabstractofeacharticleon SpringerLink(www.springerlink.com/content/110354/). Youwillfindinformationaboutthe –EditorialBoard –AimsandScope –InstructionsforAuthors –SampleContribution atspringer.com(www.springer.com/series/698). Allfiguressubmittedincolorarepublishedinfullcolorintheelectronicversionon SpringerLink. Aims and Scope Since 1980, The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry has provided sound and solid knowledge about environmental topics from a chemical perspective. Presenting a wide spectrum of viewpoints and approaches, the series now covers topics such as local and global changes of natural environment and climate; anthropogenicimpactontheenvironment;water,airandsoilpollution;remediation and waste characterization; environmental contaminants; biogeochemistry; geo- ecology;chemicalreactionsandprocesses;chemicalandbiologicaltransformations as well as physical transport of chemicals in the environment; or environmental modeling. A particular focus of the series lies on methodological advances in environmentalanalyticalchemistry. vii ThiSisaFMBlankPage Series Preface Withremarkablevision,Prof. OttoHutzingerinitiatedTheHandbook ofEnviron- mentalChemistry in1980andbecamethe foundingEditor-in-Chief.Atthattime, environmental chemistry was an emerging field, aiming at a complete description of the Earth’s environment, encompassing the physical, chemical, biological, and geologicaltransformationsofchemicalsubstancesoccurringonalocalaswellasa global scale. Environmental chemistry was intended to provide an account of the impact of man’s activities on the natural environment by describing observed changes. Whileaconsiderableamountofknowledgehasbeenaccumulatedoverthelast three decades, as reflected in the more than 70 volumes of The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, there are still many scientific and policy challenges ahead due to the complexity and interdisciplinary nature of the field. The series will therefore continue to provide compilations of current knowledge. Contribu- tions are written by leading experts with practical experience in their fields. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry grows with the increases in our scientific understanding, and provides a valuable source not only for scientists but also for environmental managers and decision-makers. Today, the series covers a broad rangeofenvironmentaltopicsfromachemicalperspective,includingmethodolog- icaladvancesinenvironmentalanalyticalchemistry. Inrecentyears,therehasbeenagrowingtendencytoincludesubjectmatterof societal relevance in the broad view of environmental chemistry. Topics include life cycle analysis, environmental management, sustainable development, and socio-economic, legal and even political problems, among others. While these topics are of great importance for the development and acceptance of The Hand- bookofEnvironmentalChemistry,thepublisherandEditors-in-Chiefhavedecided tokeepthehandbookessentiallyasourceofinformationon“hardsciences”witha particular emphasis on chemistry, but also covering biology, geology, hydrology andengineeringasappliedtoenvironmentalsciences. Thevolumesoftheseriesarewrittenatanadvancedlevel,addressingtheneeds ofbothresearchersandgraduatestudents,aswellasofpeopleoutsidethefieldof “pure” chemistry, including those in industry, business, government, research establishments, and public interest groups. It would be very satisfying to see these volumes used as a basis for graduate courses in environmental chemistry. With its high standards of scientific quality and clarity, The Handbook of ix