Danielle S. Walsh Todd A. Ponsky Nicholas E. Bruns Editors The SAGES Manual of Pediatric Minimally Invasive Surgery 123 The SAGES Manual of Pediatric Minimally Invasive Surgery Danielle S. Walsh • Todd A. Ponsky Nicholas E. Bruns Editors The SAGES Manual of Pediatric Minimally Invasive Surgery Editors Danielle S. Walsh, MD, FACS, Todd A. Ponsky, MD, FACS FAAP Associate Professor of Surgery Associate Professor of Surgery and Pediatrics Division of Pediatric Surgery Northeast Ohio Medical East Carolina University College Brody School of Medicine Division of Pediatric Surgery Greenville, NC, USA Akron Children’s Hospital Akron, OH, USA Nicholas E. Bruns, MD Research Fellow Division of Pediatric Surgery Akron Children’s Hospital Akron, OH, USA Resident in General Surgery Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA ISBN 978-3-319-43640-1 ISBN 978-3-319-43642-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-43642-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016959450 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduc- tion on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. 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Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface …find though she be but little, she is fierce.—Shakespeare More than once pediatric surgeons have heard general surgeons comment on their “fear” of caring for pediatric sur- gical patients. The diminutive size of the patient can intimi- date, but those of us flourishing in the pediatric world recognize a well-kept secret—infants and children are fierce in their desire to live, handling the surgical insults that would cause many adults to give out, with determination of some- times Olympic proportions. While they tolerate large inci- sions for invasive procedures with aplomb, showing their scars as badges of courage on the playground, we believe our kids deserve to reap the same benefits from minimally inva- sive techniques that the adult population embraces. This book was developed to help current and future surgeons in advancing their comfort in approaching children with lapa- roscopy, thoracoscopy, and endoscopy. The mission of the Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES) is to improve patient care through education, research, innovation, and leadership, principally in gastrointestinal endoscopic surgery. The pediat- ric surgery community within SAGES has been grateful that the leadership of SAGES has recognized the need to apply this mission to not only the adult general surgical population but to all patients, including our youngest and smallest. It is v vi Preface with this in mind that these authors set out to educate ALL surgeons, not just pediatric specialists, in the applications of minimally invasive surgery to children through this textbook. The focus of this text is on the technical knowhow of these minimally invasive techniques. There are larger resources for detailed information on pathophysiology and others review- ing each and every alternative technique for managing a particular disorder. However, this publication is for providing a safe way of technically approaching a particular problem utilizing percutaneous or per-orifice methods in a concise compendium. It is appropriate for the trained professional looking for a refresher on a less commonly performed inter- vention, an adult MIS surgeon with a pediatric emergency unable to be transferred, or a surgical student or resident in need of critical teaching points for understanding. This coeditor team greatly appreciates the support we have received from SAGES and Springer in making this endeavor come to fruition. We applaud the authors, col- leagues, staff, families, and patients who contributed to this book through either time, effort, patience, or use of their surgical journey to build the knowledge and content within these pages. It is our hope that many a student of surgery will benefit from the herein pearls of wisdom as they endeavor to improve the care of a pediatric surgical patient. Greenville, NC, USA Danielle S. Walsh Akron, OH, USA Todd A. Ponsky Akron, OH, USA Nicholas E. Bruns Contents 1 Physiologic Considerations for Minimally Invasive Surgery in Infants and Children ................. 1 Brian T. Craig and Gretchen Purcell Jackson 2 Pediatric Laparoscopic and Thoracoscopic Instrumentation ........................................................... 11 Sarah Gilmore and Colin A. Martin 3 Pediatric Endoscopic Instrumentation ..................... 25 Timothy D. Kane, Folashade Adebisi Jose, Danielle S. Walsh, and Nicholas E. Bruns 4 Minimally Invasive Approaches to the Pediatric Thyroid and Parathyroid ................ 41 Thom E. Lobe, Simon K. Wright, and Go Miyano 5 Bronchoscopy and Tracheobronchial Disorders ..... 51 Ian C. Glenn, Domenic Craner, and Oliver Soldes 6 Thoracoscopic Thymectomy ...................................... 71 Christine M. Leeper and Stefan Scholz 7 Thoracoscopic Ligation of the Patent Ductus Arteriosus ........................................................ 83 Laura Y. Martin and Jeffrey Lukish 8 Thoracoscopic Aortopexy .......................................... 97 Azmath Mohammed and Nathan Novotny vii viii Contents 9 Thoracoscopic Sympathectomy ................................. 107 Wesley Barnes, Zachary Hothem, and Nathan Novotny 10 Thoracoscopic Treatment of Pectus Excavatum: The Nuss Procedure .................................................... 127 Barrett P. Cromeens and Michael J. Goretsky 11 Thoracoscopic Approach to Eventration of the Diaphragm ........................................................ 145 Jingliang Yan and Federico G. Seifarth 12 Minimally Invasive Approaches to Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernias ............................................... 153 Kelly Arps, Priya Rajdev, and Avraham Schlager 13 Thoracoscopic Repair of Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula .................................. 171 Ibrahim Abd el-shafy and José M. Prince 14 Thoracoscopic Approaches to Congenital Lung Lesions ................................................................ 179 Robert L. Ricca and John H.T. Waldhausen 15 Thoracoscopic Lung Biopsies and Resections in Children .................................................................... 197 Oliver J. Muensterer 16 Thoracoscopic Treatment of Pediatric Chylothorax .................................................................. 211 J. Eli Robins and Kevin P. Mollen 17 Treatment of Empyema in Children ......................... 225 Ashwini S. Poola and Shawn D. St. Peter 18 Thoracoscopic Approach to Pediatric Mediastinal Masses ...................................................... 239 Angela M. Hanna and Brandon VanderWel 19 Minimally Invasive Approaches to Esophageal Disorders: Strictures, Webs, and Duplications ......... 261 Timothy D. Kane and Nicholas E. Bruns Contents ix 20 Esophageal Replacement Surgery in Children ........ 277 Ian C. Glenn, Mark O. McCollum, and David C. van der Zee 21 Minimally Invasive Approaches to Achalasia .......... 301 Timothy D. Kane and Nicholas E. Bruns 22 Minimally Invasive Approaches to GERD and Hiatal Hernia in Children ................................... 315 Bethany J. Slater and Steven S. Rothenberg 23 Laparoscopic Pyloromyotomy ................................... 327 Lilly Ann Bayouth and Shannon W. Longshore 24 Minimally Invasive Gastrostomy ............................... 339 Julietta Chang and Federico G. Seifarth 25 Laparoscopic Duodenoduodenostomy ..................... 351 Jeh B. Yung and Federico G. Seifarth 26 Laparoscopic Approach to Intestinal Atresia .......... 361 Cristina Mamolea, Jeh B. Yung, and Federico G. Seifarth 27 Laparoscopic Resection of Abdominal Cysts and Duplications .......................................................... 373 Aaron P. Garrison and William Taylor Walsh 28 Anomalies of Intestinal Rotation: Laparoscopic Ladd’s Procedure ................................ 381 Eric J. Rellinger, Sarah T. Hua, and Gretchen Purcell Jackson 29 Laparoscopic Exploration for Pediatric Chronic Abdominal Pain ............................................ 393 Ian C. Glenn and Aaron P. Garrison 30 Laparoscopic Lysis of Adhesions for Pediatric Bowel Obstruction ....................................................... 401 Melody R. Saeman and Diana L. Diesen 31 Laparoscopic Meckel’s Diverticulectomy................. 413 David Rodeberg and Sophia Abdulhai x Contents 32 Laparoscopic Management of Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease ..................................... 429 Kevin N. Johnson and James D. Geiger 33 Laparoscopic Management of Intussusception ....... 443 Nicholas E. Bruns and Anthony L. DeRoss 34 Laparoscopic Appendectomy .................................... 451 Harveen K. Lamba, Nicholas E. Bruns, and Todd A. Ponsky 35 Laparoscopic Approach to Enteral Access for Chronic Constipation ............................................ 465 Andrew T. Strong and Federico G. Seifarth 36 Laparoscopic-Assisted Pull- Through for Hirschsprung’s Disease ......................................... 481 Richard Cheek, Lauren Salesi, and Stefan Scholz 37 Laparoscopic-Assisted Anorectal Pull-Through for Anorectal Malformations ..................................... 499 Mohammad Ali Abbass and Federico G. Seifarth 38 Laparoscopic Pediatric Inguinal Hernia Repair...... 515 Nicholas E. Bruns and Todd A. Ponsky 39 Laparoscopic Epigastric Hernia Repair ................... 527 Anne-Sophie Holler and Oliver J. Muensterer 40 Minimally Invasive Approach to Pediatric Pancreatic Disorders ................................................... 537 Meagan Elizabeth Evangelista and Danielle S. Walsh 41 Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy for Biliary Dyskinesia, Cholelithiasis, and Cholecystitis ........... 551 Moriah M. Hagopian and Diana L. Diesen 42 Laparoscopic Treatment of Biliary Atresia .............. 565 Dominic Papandria and Stefan Scholz 43 Laparoscopic Treatment of Choledochal Cysts ....... 581 Bethany J. Slater and Steven S. Rothenberg