Quantitative psychology is arguably one of the oldest disciplines within the field of psychology. Nearly all psychologists are exposed to quantitative psychology in some form. While textbooks in statistics, research M methods and psychological measurement exist, none offer a unified treatment of quantitative psychology. a The SAGE Handbook of Quantitative Methods in Psychology does just that. Each chapter covers a methodological y The SAGE Handbook of topic with equal attention paid to established theory and the challenges facing methodologists as they address d new research questions using that particular methodology. The reader will come away from each chapter with eM a greater understanding of the methodology being addressed as well as an understanding of the directions for u Quantitative Methods future developments within that methodological area. -Oill s Drawing on a global scholarship, the Handbook is divided into seven parts: liaE vpd Psychology Pemaxiprstse iIrn:i gmD deeansittgaan ld rauenesde t aoirn cvfhea,rr eiaonloucnse g:i n Awflduidtehrne tcshesees s sd uiescsshuig eanss ioanft tttrhriuteie oi nnef xoeprree nrniocmnee- conoft msc aapunlisdaa nlq crueea.lasit-ieoxnpse frrimomen etxs,p aenridm tehnet aplr aonbdle mno onf- ares andited by in Part II: Measurement theory: Begins with a chapter on classical test theory, followed by the common factor analysis model as a model for psychological measurement. The models for continuous latent variables in item response theory are covered next, followed by a chapter on discrete latent variable models as represented in latent class analysis. Part III: Scaling methods: Covers metric and non-metric scaling methods as developed in multidimensional scaling, followed by consideration of the scaling of discrete measures as found in dual scaling and correspondence analysis. Models for preference data such as those found in random utility theory are covered next. Q Part IV: Data analysis: Includes chapters on regression models, categorical data analysis, multilevel or hierarchical u models, resampling methods, robust data analysis, meta-analysis, Bayesian data analysis, and cluster analysis. a Part V: Structural equation models: Addresses topics in general structural equation modeling, nonlinear n structural equation models, mixture models, and multilevel structural equation models. t Part VI: Longitudinal models: Covers the analysis of longitudinal data via mixed modelling, time series analysis, i T t h and event history analysis. a e Part VII: Specialized methods: Covers specific topics including the analysis of neuro-imaging data, and functional int S data analysis. iv A P G e This volume is an excellent reference and resource for advanced students, academics, and professionals studying s E or using quantitative psychological methods in their research. y M H Edited by c a he n Roger E. Millsap Roger E. Millsap is a Professor in the doctoral Alberto Maydeu-Olivares is Associate Professor ot db pDreopgarratmm einn tQ oufa nPtsiytcahtiovleo gPsyy acht oAlorigzyo nina the of Psychology at the University of Barcelona. lh o and Alberto Maydeu-Olivares oo o State University. gd k o ys f ISBN: 978-1-4129-3091-8 Cover image © iStock | Cover design by Wendy Scott 9 781412 930918 The SAGE Handbook of Quantitative Methods in Psychology EditorialAdvisoryBoard DavidBartholomew(Sudbury,UK) PeterBentler(UniversityofCalifornia-LosAngeles,CA) LindaCollins(ThePennsylvaniaStateUniversity,PA) SusanEmbretson(GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology,GA) WillemHeiser(LeidenUniversity,TheNetherlands) LawrenceJ.Hubert(UniversityofIllinois,IL) KarlGJoreskog(UppsalaUniversity,Sweden) YutakaKano(OsakaUniversity,Japan) IvoMolenaar(GroningenUniversity,TheNetherlands) JohnR.Nesselroade(UniversityofVirginia,VA) AlbertSatorra(UniversitatPompeuFabra,Spain) KlaasSijtsma(TilburgUniversity,TheNetherlands) YoshioTakane(McGillUniversity,Canada) StephenG.West(ArizonaStateUniversity,AZ) The SAGE Handbook of Quantitative Methods in Psychology Edited by Roger E. Millsap and Alberto Maydeu-Olivares Prefaceandeditorialarrangement©RogerE.MillsapandAlberto Chapter16©WilliamH.BeasleyandJosephL.Rodgers2009 Maydeu-Olivares2009 Chapter17©RandR.Wilcox2009 Chapter1©MichaelSobel2009 Chapter18©AndyP.Field2009 Chapter2©RogerKirk2009 Chapter19©HerbertHoijtink2009 Chapter3©CharlesReichardt2009 Chapter20©LawrenceJ.Hubert,Hans-FriedrichKöhn,and Chapter4©PaulD.Allison2009 DouglasL.Steinley2009 Chapter5©JamesAlginaandRandallD.Penfield2009 Chapter21©RobertCudeckandStephenduToit2009 Chapter6©RobertC.MacCallum2009 Chapter22©MelanieM.Wall2009 Chapter7©DavidThissenandLynneSteinberg2009 Chapter23©ConorDolan2009 Chapter8©MichaelEdwardsandMariaOrlandoEdelen2009 Chapter24©DavidKaplan,Jee-SeonKim,andSu-YoungKim2009 Chapter9©DavidRindskopf2009 Chapter25©SuzanneE.Graham,JudithD.Singer,andJohnB.Willett2009 Chapter10©YoshioTakane,SunhoJung,andYurikoOshima-Takane Chapter26©EmilioFerrerandGuangjianZhang2009 2009 Chapter27©JeroenK.Vermunt2009 Chapter11©HeungsunHwang,MarcA.Tomiuk,andYoshioTakane2009 Chapter28©JosepMarco-Pallarés,EstelaCamara,ThomasF.Münte,and Chapter12©AlbertoMaydeu-OlivaresandUlfBöckenholt2009 AntoniRodríguez-Fornells2009 Chapter13©RaziaAzenandDavidBudescu2009 Chapter29©EstelaCamara,JosepMarco-Pallarés,ThomasF.Münte,and Chapter14©CarolynJ.Anderson2009 AntoniRodríguez-Fornells2009 Chapter15©Jee-SeonKim2009 Chapter30©JamesO.Ramsay2009 Firstpublished2009 Apartfromanyfairdealingforthepurposesofresearchorprivate study,orcriticismorreview,aspermittedundertheCopyright, DesignsandPatentsAct,1988,thispublicationmaybereproduced, storedortransmittedinanyform,orbyanymeans,onlywiththe priorpermissioninwritingofthepublishers,orinthecaseof reprographicreproduction,inaccordancewiththetermsoflicences issuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency.Enquiriesconcerning reproductionoutsidethosetermsshouldbesenttothepublishers. SAGEPublicationsLtd 1Oliver’sYard 55CityRoad LondonEC1Y1SP SAGEPublicationsInc. 2455TellerRoad ThousandOaks,California91320 SAGEPublicationsIndiaPvtLtd B1/I1MohanCooperativeIndustrialArea MathuraRoad NewDelhi110044 SAGEPublicationsAsia-PacificPteLtd 33PekinStreet#02-01 FarEastSquare Singapore048763 LibraryofCongressControlNumber: 2008941240 BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationdata AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN978-1-4129-3091-8 TypesetbyCEPHAImagingPvt.Ltd.,Bangalore,India PrintedinIndiaatReplikaPressPvtLtd Printedonpaperfromsustainableresources Dedication ToSofi,AlbaandAlberto,withlove,forallthehoursIhavebeenaway. Alberto With love to Michele and our children, Mason, Laura, Simone, andAiden. It is finally done. Thanksforbeingthereforme. Roger Contents Preface x NotesonContributors xvi PART I DESIGNANDINFERENCE 1 1 CausalInferenceinRandomizedandNon-RandomizedStudies:TheDefinition, Identification,andEstimationofCausalParameters 3 MichaelE.Sobel 2 ExperimentalDesign 23 RogerE.Kirk 3 Quasi-ExperimentalDesign 46 CharlesS.Reichardt 4 MissingData 72 PaulD.Allison PART II MEASUREMENTTHEORY 91 5 ClassicalTestTheory 93 JamesAlginaandRandallD.Penfield 6 FactorAnalysis 123 RobertC.MacCallum 7 ItemResponseTheory 148 DavidThissenandLynneSteinberg 8 SpecialTopicsinItemResponseTheory 178 MichaelC.EdwardsandMariaOrlandoEdelen 9 LatentClassAnalysis 199 DavidRindskopf viii THESAGEHANDBOOKOFQUANTITATIVEMETHODSINPSYCHOLOGY PART III SCALING 217 10 MultidimensionalScaling 219 YoshioTakane,SunhoJung,andYurikoOshima-Takane 11 CorrespondenceAnalysis,MultipleCorrespondenceAnalysis,and RecentDevelopments 243 HeungsunHwang,MarcA.Tomiuk,andYoshioTakane 12 ModelingPreferenceData 264 AlbertoMaydeu-OlivaresandUlfBöckenholt PART IV DATAANALYSIS 283 13 ApplicationsofMultipleRegressioninPsychologicalResearch 285 RaziaAzenandDavidBudescu 14 CategoricalDataAnalysiswithaPsychometricTwist 311 CarolynJ.Anderson 15 MultilevelAnalysis:AnOverviewandSomeContemporaryIssues 337 Jee-SeonKim 16 ResamplingMethods 362 WilliamH.BeasleyandJosephL.Rodgers 17 RobustDataAnalysis 387 RandR.Wilcox 18 Meta-Analysis 404 AndyP.Field 19 BayesianDataAnalysis 423 HerbertHoijtink 20 ClusterAnalysis:AToolboxforMATLAB 444 LawrenceJ.Hubert,Hans-FriedrichKöhn,andDouglasL.Steinley PART V STRUCTURALEQUATIONMODELS 513 21 GeneralStructuralEquationModels 515 RobertCudeckandStephenH.C.duToit 22 MaximumLikelihoodandBayesianEstimationforNonlinearStructural EquationModels 540 MelanieM.Wall 23 StructuralEquationMixtureModeling 568 ConorV.Dolan CONTENTS ix 24 MultilevelLatentVariableModeling:CurrentResearchandRecent Developments 592 DavidKaplan,Jee-SeonKim,andSu-YoungKim PART VI LONGITUDINALMODELS 613 25 ModelingIndividualChangeoverTime 615 SuzanneE.Graham,JudithD.Singer,andJohnB.Willett 26 TimeSeriesModelsforExaminingPsychologicalProcesses:Applications andNewDevelopments 637 EmilioFerrerandGuangjianZhang 27 EventHistoryAnalysis 658 JeroenK.Vermunt PART VII SPECIALIZEDMETHODS 675 28 NeuroimagingAnalysisI:Electroencephalography 677 JosepMarco-Pallarés,EstelaCamara,ThomasF.Münte,andAntoni Rodríguez-Fornells 29 NeuroimagingAnalysisII:MagneticResonanceImaging 697 EstelaCamara,JosepMarco-Pallarés,ThomasF.Münte,andAntoni Rodríguez-Fornells 30 FunctionalDataAnalysis 716 JamesO.Ramsay ColorPlates Index 739