Blackshaw-3858-Prelims:Blackshaw Prelims.qxp 18/06/2009 2:36 PM Page i The SAGE Dictionary of Leisure Studies Blackshaw-3858-Prelims:Blackshaw Prelims.qxp 18/06/2009 2:36 PM Page ii Blackshaw-3858-Prelims:Blackshaw Prelims.qxp 18/06/2009 2:36 PM Page iii The SAGE Dictionary of Leisure Studies Tony Blackshaw and Garry Crawford Blackshaw-3858-Prelims:Blackshaw Prelims.qxp 18/06/2009 2:36 PM Page iv TonyBlackshawandGarryCrawford2009 Firstpublished2009 Apartfromanyfairdealingforthepurposesofresearch orprivatestudy,orcriticismorreview,aspermittedunder theCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct,1988,this publicationmaybereproduced,storedortransmittedin anyform,orbyanymeans,onlywiththepriorpermission inwritingofthepublishers,orinthecaseofreprographic reproduction,inaccordancewiththetermsoflicences issuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency.Enquiries concerningreproductionoutsidethosetermsshouldbe senttothepublishers. SAGEPublicationsLtd 1Oliver’sYard 55CityRoad LondonEC1Y1SP SAGEPublicationsInc. 2455TellerRoad ThousandOaks,California91320 SAGEPublicationsIndiaPvtLtd B1/I1MohanCooperativeIndustrialArea MathuraRoad,NewDelhi110044 SAGEPublicationsAsia-PacificPteLtd 33PekinStreet#02-01 FarEastSquare Singapore048763 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2008936954 BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationdata Acataloguerecordforthisbookisavailable fromtheBritishLibrary ISBN978-1-4129-1995-1 ISBN978-1-4129-1996-8(pbk) TypesetbyC&MDigitals(P)Ltd,Chennai,India PrintedinIndiaatReplikaPressPvtLtd Printedonpaperfromsustainableresources Blackshaw-3858-Prelims:Blackshaw Prelims.qxp 18/06/2009 2:36 PM Page v Contents Acknowledgements vi Introduction vii The Sage Dictionary of Leisure Studies 1–227 Bibliography 228 Index 248 Blackshaw-3858-Prelims:Blackshaw Prelims.qxp 18/06/2009 2:36 PM Page vi Acknowledgements Garry:ForVictoria WewouldliketoexpressoursincerethankstoeverybodyatSagefortheirsupport,encour- agement and help with this project. We should also like to thank the two anonymous reviewersfortheirinsightfulandhelpfulcommentsonthefirstdraftofthemanuscript. Blackshaw-3858-Prelims:Blackshaw Prelims.qxp 18/06/2009 2:36 PM Page vii Introduction During the last thirty years leisure studies has established itself as an area of academic studytobereckonedwith,whichaswellashavinganinsatiableappetitefordeveloping and applying ideas, concepts and theories ready-made from other academic disciplines, provides a forum for some exciting innovation and grounding of its own. Although the subjectfieldiswellservedbyintroductorytextbooks,whichingeneraldoanexcellentjob inactingasreferenceguidestothisscholarship(see,forexample,Rojek,1985;Haywood andKew,1989;Haywoodetal.,1995;Roberts,1999;Harris,2005;Rojek,2005),therehas hithertobeennodedicateddictionaryforstudentsandscholarsworkinginthisfield.The SAGEDictionaryofLeisureStudieshasbeenproducedinordertofillthisvoid. Incompilingthisdictionary,wehavehadtobemindfulthat,despiteitsrelativeyouth- fulness, leisure studies is like any other subject field, in the sense that it is, to use John Updike’sappositeanalogy,alwayslikeanoldworldcollapsingandanewworldarising, and that we scholars have better eyes for the collapse than the rise, since the old world istheonethatweknow.Withthisinmind,oneofourmainobjectiveswastotrytobreak thispatternofthinkingandtoreflexivelyquestionthemeaningofcontemporaryleisure– what it means to scholars, students, managers, practitioners and ordinary men and womentoday.Practically,thismeantthatwewereinthepositionofhavingtodealwith awholefamilyofconceptsfromleisurestudieswhichincreasinglyfeelliketheghostsof those who haven’t quite died – what the sociologist Ulrich Beck calls death-in-life zom- biecategories–lingeringaroundadiscursiveformationthattodayonlygivesthemafit- fulanduncertainsenseofstillbelongingtotheworld.Thereisoftenatendencyamong leisurescholarstooverlookthefactthatsomeconcepts,especiallythosedevelopedunder theaegisof1970sand1980sleisurestudies,havebeentransformedbymorerecentsoci- etal changes and technological advances, in the process becoming grey areas of knowl- edge that have lost their former explanatory power. With this observation in mind we realized that, paradoxically, we were in the same position as anyone updating a previ- ously published dictionary for a second edition. That is, we had to face up to the chal- lengethat,ifleisurestudiesneededadictionary,itneededoneforalteredtimes. TheSAGEDictionaryofLeisureStudiesismeanttobemuchmorethanacompendium ofinformationaboutleisurestudies:itisalsoinevitablyanattempttodefinethecurrent identity of the discursive formation. The reader will see that it is written with the assumption that the contemporary world is one of constant ‘disembedding’ and ‘re- embedding’ – as the sociologist Anthony Giddens would say – where men and women, freed from the shackles of the imagined ‘social contract’ that accompanied the virtues and the habitats of a modern society based on industrial production (which cast them ‘ready-made’throughtheirrankinthesocialclassandgenderhierarchies),havebecome Blackshaw-3858-Prelims:Blackshaw Prelims.qxp 18/06/2009 2:36 PM Page viii THESAGEDICTIONARYOFLEISURESTUDIES the agents of their own destinies. Indeed, during the decades from the 1970s onwards menandwomenwereincreasinglybecomingnewlydislocated(oratleastsemi-assimilated) in the world and as a result the normative institutions associated with modern societies were transformed. Let us consider the influence of paid work on our leisure, for exam- ple. There is no doubting the fact that it still has a considerable bearing on our leisure opportunities and choices, but over the last twenty years particularly there has been a clearshiftinwhatworkmeanstousasindividuals.Todayitisthepursuitofpleasure– muchmorethanwork–thatshapesoursenseofourselves. This dictionary is also written with the conviction that leisure studies can no longer simplythinkofindividualsasmembersofacategorysuchasasocialclass,a‘race’ora gender(ifthiswaseverthecase).Itisculturalvarietyratherthansocialuniformitythat defines the Zeitgeist. This point of view is not entirely new in leisure studies of course. TheleisurestudiesscholarKenRobertshasalwaysmadeacompellingcaseforaplural- ist theory of leisure which recognizes that power and status are shared among a multi- plicity of social groups and organizations in any nation state. The way in which our approachdiffersisthatnotonlydoesitunderstandthatmenandwomentodayareindi- vidualsfirstwithalltherestafterbutalsothattheirstatusisprimarilyasconsumersto beseduced,ratherthansubjectsofastateorcitizenstobewonover–thatperiodwhen theboundariesofthenationstateseemedtosetthenaturalorderofthingshasbeenout- modedbyacceleratedglobalization. Ifthisistantamounttosayingconsumerismisnowthecentralbusinessoflifeandthat the nation state and its accompanying categories of subjectivity (e.g., social class, ‘race’ and gender) do not have the same resonance in people’s lives as they once did, it does notcorrespondthatwethoughttheyshouldhavenoplaceinthisdictionary.Wesimply decidedthattheamountofattentiongiventothemhadtobemoderatedsothatwecould deal with other more pressing issues of concern, particularly where current leisure stu- dents would expect entries. So, as well as giving due attention to individualization and consumerism, we also offer entries on a range of more freshly minted concepts which reveal the link between individual life-worlds and the larger sociality – celebrity, cool, digital gaming, event management, extreme leisure, governmentality, liquid modernity, performativity,queertheory,riskmanagement,tonamebutafew–whichhaveagrow- ingcurrencyinleisurestudiestoday. A dictionary is, of course, for the most part a practical resource, but in an interdisci- plinary field like leisure studies its usability when subjected to a variety of scholarly demands is the real test of its worth. Accordingly this dictionary caters for the needs of those interested in sociological, philosophical and psychological understandings of leisure,aswellasthosewhosespecializedframeofreferenceisleisuremanagementand economics and finance. In relation to the more general needs of students, it also deals with the full range of research methods and related concepts used by leisure studies researchers, dealing with the identification, explanation and application of both quanti- tativeandqualitativeapproaches. In writing this dictionary, we have also been particularly concerned to help students toboththinkthroughandmakeuseofthekeyconcepts,ideas,theoriesandmethodsby applying them to and locating them in leisure studies research. In this way the entries collectively form an interconnected study, encapsulating in detail both the interdiscipli- narycomplexityofcontemporaryleisurestudieswithitsceaselesslyshiftingandexpand- ingfocus,whilealsochartingcurrentempiricaldevelopmentsinthefield. There will be readers who will no doubt disapprove of some of the material that has goneintothedictionary,whileotherswillidentifyomissionswhichintheirviewshould have been included. To draw the old world/new world analogy once again, it should be viii Blackshaw-3858-Prelims:Blackshaw Prelims.qxp 18/06/2009 2:36 PM Page ix INTRODUCTION notedthatalldictionariesareaproductoftheirtime.Whatthissuggestsisthatdictionary writers,infocusingtheirattentiononputtingtogethertheirownstate-of-the-disciplinecre- ations, are burdened not just with the baggage of historical consciousness but also with tryingtocapturetheconsciousnessofthepresent-timeintheirparticularfieldofstudy. What this has meant in practice of course is that, in being confronted with the chal- lenging task of forming our own accurate state-of-the-discipline representation of leisure studies,wehadtodecidewhatwasgoingtobeincludedandwhatwasnot.Thereader’s freelygiven,uncertainresolvecouldnotbeours;andwe,insofaraswehadtomakethe decisionaboutwhichkeyconceptsandkeythinkerstoinclude,willhaveaccuratelyrep- resented leisure studies for some, while destroying an ideal for others. All we can say is thatwecanneithertranscendtimenoranticipateinadvanceanyoftheseconcerns,butwe wouldsimplyreiteratethatitiswithleisurestudiesknowledgeandissuesoftodaythatThe SAGE Dictionary of Leisure Studies is primarily concerned. If some concepts traditionally associated with the subject field are not included it is because we thought that they no longerchimewiththecurrentneedsofstudentsonleisurestudiescourses. Keythinkerexclusionsarelesscomplicatedtoexplain.Thesehavebeenkepttoamin- imum simply on the basis of the limits imposed by the word count. Having said that, wehavemadesurethatmaximumattentionispaidtotheideasofkeythinkersinleisure studies when they do arise in the concept entries. With regard to the inclusion of key thinkers not usually associated with leisure studies (for example, Jean Baudrillard, Pierre Bourdieu, Zygmunt Bauman and Michel Foucault), it should be noted that we understand that it is a subject field of immensely wide range and, unlike many other subject fields, not only is it truly multidisciplinary but it is also not bound up with a longhistoryofideasuponwhichithasexercisedapowerfulinfluence.Aswehavesaid already,mostofitsknowledgeandideashavebeenborrowedfromotherdisciplinesand this trend is set to continue. With regard to the thinkers identified above, the enormity oftheinfluenceoftheirthinkingonleisurestudiesatthecurrenttimesimplydemands their inclusion. On a more practical note, the reader will see that we have individually written the majority of the entries, but that there are also a number of entries from other contribu- tors. We would like to thank Rob Wilson and Mark Piekarz for writing the leisure man- agement, economics and finance entries. We would also like to thank Gaynor Bagnall, JeremyCoulton,AlexDennisandGregSmithfromtheDepartmentofEnglish,Sociology, Politics and Contemporary History at the Unversity of Salford for writing their individ- ual entries on their own areas of expertise. As the reader would expect in a dictionary the entries are arranged in alphabetical order. Some of the entries are compact and effi- cientoverviews,whilemostofthemaremoreencyclopaedicinscopeandareeffectively more like mini-essays. Each entry is also cross-referenced to other associated concepts included in the dictionary in order to supplement critical assessment, facilitate broader in-depthstudyandhopefullyexcitefurtherinterestinleisurestudies. TonyBlackshaw Associated Concepts Class; Consumer Society; Discursive Formations; Giddens; Globalization;Individualization;Pleasure;Work-Leisure;ZombieCategories. ix