The Sacred in Twentieth- Century Politics Essays in Honour of Professor Stanley G. Payne Edited by Roger Griffin, Robert Mallett and John Tortorice The Sacred in Twentieth-Century Politics This page intentionally left blank The Sacred in Twentieth- Century Politics Essays in Honour of Professor Stanley G. Payne Edited by Roger Griffin Robert Mallett and John Tortorice Editorial matter and selection © Roger Griffin, Robert Mallett and John Tortorice 2008. Introduction © Roger Griffin 2008. All remaining chapters © their respective authors 2008. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2008 978-0-230-53774-3 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2008 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-35940-0 ISBN 978-0-230-24163-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230241633 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Sacred in Twentieth-Century Politics: Essays in Honour of Professor Stanley G. Payne Edited by Roger Griffin, Robert Mallett, and John Tortorice. p. cm. Proceedings of a conference held in May 2004 at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Religion and politics–History–20th century–Congresses. I. Payne, Stanley G. II. Mallett, Robert, 1961– III. Griffin, Roger. IV. Tortorice, John S. BL65.P7S23 2008 322'.10904—dc22 2008020795 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 This volume is dedicated to Prof. Stanley G. Payne in recognition of his enormous contributions to scholarship. The genesis of this volume lies with a conference in honour of Prof. Payne held at the University of Wisconsin-Madison in May 2004. In preparing the book the editors owe a great debt to Prof. Juan Linz and Prof. Emilio Gentile, who provided many invaluable insights and commentaries that helped shape the final work. The Editors 22 April 2008 This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Illustrations ix Notes on Contributors x 1 Introduction: The Evolutions and Convolutions of Political Religion 1 Roger Griffin Part I Conceptualizing Political Religion 2 On the Heuristic Value of the Concept of Political Religion and Its Application 21 Stanley G. Payne 3 The Missiological Roots of the Concept of ‘Political Religion’ 36 Werner Ustorf 4 Is Castroism a Political Religion? 51 Eusebio Mujal-León and Eric Langenbacher Part II The Sacralization of Politics 5 Fascism as the Expression of a Spiritual Revolution in Italy 89 Robert Mallett 6 W hat Insights Do We Gain from Interpreting National Socialism as a Political Religion? 107 Klaus Vondung 7 M arxism–Leninism as a Secular Religion 119 Anatoly M. Khazanov 8 M aoism in the Cultural Revolution: A Political Religion? 143 Rana Mitter vii viii Contents Part III The Politicization of Religion 9 A n Islamist Turkish Party’s Journey to Democracy and Modernity 169 Kemal H. Karpat 10 Hindutva as a Political Religion: An Historical Perspective 178 Robert E. Frykenberg 11 The United States: Messianism, Apocalypticism, and Political Religion 221 Chip Berlet Appendix 258 Index 280 List of Illustrations 5.1 Camicia nera 93 5.2 Mussolini’s head and word ‘SI’ 94 5.3 Image of Angel with the words ‘L’Impero D’Italia’ in red in original 95 5.4 Eagles hovering over fl ame 97 5.5 Black sword shrouded by long Italian fl ag 98 5.6 Mussolini’s steel head and Roman number XI 99 5.7 Il Popolo d’Italia 100 5.8 Fiamma Nera 101 5.9 La Tribuna 102 5.10 Il Popolo d’Italia 103 5.11 I Vespri 104 ix