The Routledge Handbook of Sociolinguistics Around the World Drawing on examples from a wide range of languages and social settings, The Routledge Handbook of Sociolinguistics Around the World is the first single-volume collection surveying current and recent research trends in international sociolinguistics. With over 30 chapters written by leading authorities in the region concerned, all continents and their respective regions arecovered.Thisbookwillserveasanimportanttooltohelpwidentheperspective on sociolinguistics to readers of English. Divided into parts covering: the Americas, Asia, Australasia, Africa and the Middle East, and Europe, the book provides readers with a solid, up-to-date appreciation of the interdisciplinary nature of the field of sociolinguistics in each area. It clearly explains the patterns and systematicity that underlie language variation in use, as well as the ways in which alternations between different language varieties mark personal style, social power and national identity. Sociolinguistics Around the World is the ideal resource for all students on undergraduate sociolinguistics courses and researchers involved in the study of language, society and power. Martin J. Ball is Hawthorne-BoRSF Endowed Professor, and Director of the Haw- thorne Research Center, at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette. Dr Ball has written and edited over 120 academic publications including Clinical Sociolinguistics and The Handbook of Clinical Linguistics. Contributors: David Atkinson, Yasemin Bayyurt, William O. Beeman, Mercedes Ben- goechea,RichardBenton,SallyBoyd,DavidBradley,ZhannaBurstein-Feldman,Dominique Caubet, Peter Collins, Bruce Connell, Serafín M. Coronel-Molina, Jeroen Darquennes, Probal Dasgupta, Winifred V. Davies, Nadine Di Vito, Mark Donohue, Ina Druviete, Alek D. Epstein, José Antonio Flores Farfán, Victor A. Friedman, Elaine Gold, Nanette Gottlieb, Robert D. Greenberg, Victoria Gulida, Bill Haddican, Jen Hay, Kirk Hazen, Christina M. Higgins, Nina Kheimets, Agnieszka Kiełkiewicz-Janowiak, Miklós Kontra, Shulamith Kopeliovich, Margaret Maclagan, Rajend Mesthrie, Catherine Miller, France Mugler, Jiˇrí Nekvapil, Sandi Michele de Oliveira, Mair Parry, Viviana Quintero, Madhavi Sardesai, Jane Stuart-Smith, Joel Walters, Lionel Wee, Dafna Yitzhaki, Valerie Youssef, David Zeitlyn, and Minglang Zhou. The Routledge Handbook of Sociolinguistics Around the World Edited by Martin J. Ball Firstpublished2010 byRoutledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously publishedin theUSA andCanada byRoutledge 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2010. To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk. ©2010selectionand editorialmatter,Martin J.Ball;individualchapters, thecontributors Allrights reserved. Nopartofthisbookmaybereprinted orreproduced or utilisedinanyform orbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans,now knownorhereafter invented,including photocopyingand recording,orinany informationstorage orretrieval system,withoutpermission inwritingfromthe publishers. BritishLibrary Cataloguing inPublication Data Acataloguerecord forthisbookisavailable from theBritishLibrary Library ofCongressCataloging inPublication Data Acatalogrecord for thisbookhasbeenrequested ISBN 0-203-86965-6 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 978-0-415-42278-9 (hbk) ISBN978-0-203-86965-9 (ebk) Contents List of tables viii List of contributors ix Foreword by John Edwards xviii Introduction 1 Martin J. Ball I The Americas 5 1 Sociolinguistics in the United States of America 7 Kirk Hazen 2 Sociolinguistics in Canada 25 Elaine Gold 3 Sociolinguistics in Mexico: defining new agendas 34 José Antonio Flores Farfán 4 The sociolinguistics of indigenous languages in South America 42 Serafín M. Coronel-Molina and Viviana Quintero 5 Sociolinguistics of the Caribbean 52 Valerie Youssef II Asia 65 6 Sociolinguistic research in China 67 Minglang Zhou v CONTENTS 7 Sociolinguistics in South Asia 81 Probal Dasgupta and Madhavi Sardesai 8 Sociolinguistics in Japan 89 Nanette Gottlieb 9 Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam 98 David Bradley 10 Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Philippines 108 Lionel Wee 11 A sociolinguistic profile of Turkey, Northern Cyprus and other Turkic states in Central Asia 117 Yasemin Bayyurt 12 Sociolinguistics in the Caucasus 127 Victor A. Friedman 13 Sociolinguistics in the Iranian world 139 William O. Beeman III Australasia 149 14 Sociolinguistics in Australia 151 Peter Collins 15 Sociolinguistics in New Zealand 159 Margaret Maclagan and Jennifer Hay 16 Sociolinguistics in the South Pacific 170 France Mugler and Richard Benton 17 A sociolinguistic sketch of New Guinea 179 Mark Donohue IV Africa and the Middle East 185 18 Sociolinguistics in South Africa: a critical overview of current research 187 Rajend Mesthrie 19 Sociolinguistic studies of West and Central Africa 203 Bruce Connell and David Zeitlyn 20 Sociolinguistics of East Africa 216 Christina M. Higgins vi CONTENTS 21 Israeli sociolinguistics: from Hebrew hegemony to Israeli plurilingualism 226 Zhanna Burstein-Feldman, Alek D. Epstein, Nina Kheimets, Shulamith Kopeliovich, Dafna Yitzhaki and Joel Walters 22 Arabic sociolinguistics in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) 238 Catherine Miller and Dominique Caubet V Europe 257 23 Sociolinguistics of the German-speaking area 259 Winifred V. Davies 24 Sociolinguistics in the Dutch language area in Europe 271 Jeroen Darquennes 25 Sociolinguistics in the Nordic region 281 Sally Boyd 26 Sociolinguistics in the British Isles 296 Jane Stuart-Smith and Bill Haddican 27 Sociolinguistics in France 310 Nadine Di Vito 28 Sociolinguistics in Italy 327 Mair Parry 29 Sociolinguistics in Spain and Portugal 341 David Atkinson, Mercedes Bengoechea and Sandi Michele de Oliveira 30 Sociolinguistics in Hungary, the Czech Republic and Poland 359 Miklós Kontra, Jiˇrí Nekvapil and Agnieszka Kiełkiewicz-Janowiak 31 Sociolinguistics in the Balkans 372 Robert D. Greenberg 32 Sociolinguistics in the Russian Federation, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova 385 Victoria Gulida 33 The development of sociolinguistics in the Baltic States 402 Ina Druviete Index 413 vii Tables 2.1 Mother tongues spoken in Canada rounded to the nearest thousand 25 5.1 Caribbean population and languages, 2001 53 6.1 Language use in China at the turn of the century 76 13.1 Relations between Persian, Tajik and Dari 142 13.2 “We are eating” in Tajik and Persian 143 13.3 “We would eat,” etc. in Tajik and Persian constructions 143 13.4 Lowering and raising pronouns 146 19.1 Language diversity ranking as proposed in Robinson (1993) 207 24.1 Thematic ordering of papers published in the proceedings of the Sociolinguistics Conferences in Lunteren in 1991, 1995, 1999, 2003 and 2006 274 24.2 Research topics featuring in the papers published in the proceedings of the Sociolinguistics Conferences in Lunteren in 2003 and 2006 275 25.1 Population and area of the five Nordic countries 282 25.2 Keywords in Danish dissertations in sociolinguistics since 1995 and in the Nordic database as a whole 284 25.3 Keywords in dissertations from Finland in sociolinguistics since 1995 and in the database as a whole 286 25.4 Keywords in dissertations from Norway in sociolinguistics since 1995 and in the database as a whole 287 25.5 Keywords in dissertations from Sweden in sociolinguistics since 1995 and in the database as a whole 291 31.1 The Balkan countries: summary of state-forming principles 376 viii Contributors David Atkinson is Senior Lecturer in Spanish at the University of Limerick, Ireland. His research interests include Language and Power/Critical Discourse Analysis; Lan- guage Policy and Language Planning; The Politics of Language in the Spanish- speaking World;Popular music in Spain; Language andthe Media; Language teaching methodology and language learning. His work on Catalonia has appeared in many journals since 1997. These include Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development; Journal of Language Problems and Language Planning; International Journal of Iberian Studies and Journal of Language and Politics. Martin J. Ball is Hawthorne-Board of Regents Endowed Professor, and Director of the Hawthorne Research Center in the Department of Communicative Disorders, at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette. He is an honorary professor at the University of Wales Institute, Cardiff. His main research interests include sociolinguistics, clinical phonetics and phonology, and the linguistics of Welsh. He has authored and edited twenty-five books, 40 contributions to collections and over eighty refereed articles in academic journals. His books include The Use of Welsh, The Celtic Languages, and Clinical Sociolinguistics. Yasemin Bayyurt is an Associate Professor in the Department of Foreign Language Education at Bog˘aziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey. Her research interests include language planning and policy, Teaching Turkish as a Foreign Language, Teaching English as an International Language, Cross-cultural Communication, Computer- Mediated Communication, and general issues in sociolinguistics and pragmatics. Her publications includearticles invariousrefereed journals andbooksinthefield.Shehas recently co-edited a book on Teaching Turkish as a Foreign Language. William O. Beeman is Professor and Chair of the Department of Anthropology at the University of Minnesota. He is past President of the Middle East Section of the American Anthropological Association and Former Director of Middle East Studies at Brown University. He has worked throughout the Middle East, especially in Iran, ix