ii THE ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF PHILOSOPHY OF EMPATHY Empathy plays a central role in the history and contemporary study of ethics, interpersonal understanding, and the emotions, yet until now has been relatively underexplored. The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Empathy is an outstanding reference source to the key topics, problems and debates in this exciting field and is the first collection of its kind. Comprising over thirty chapters by a team of international contributors, the Handbook is divided into six parts: • Core issues • History of empathy • Empathy and understanding • Empathy and morals • Empathy in art and aesthetics • Empathy and individual differences. Within these sections central topics and problems are examined, including: empathy and imagination; neuroscience; David Hume and Adam Smith; understanding; evolution; altruism; moral responsibility; art, aesthetics, and literature; gender; empathy and related disciplines such as anthropology. Essential reading for students and researchers in philosophy, particularly ethics and p hilosophy of mind and psychology, the Handbook will also be of interest to those in related fields, such as anthropology and social psychology. Heidi L. Maibom is Professor of Philosophy at University of Cincinnati, USA. She works on empathy, psychopathology, responsibility, and theory of mind. She has edited Empathy and Morality (2014), co- edited Neurofeminism with R. Bluhm and A. J. Jacobsen (2012), and is currently writing a book on perspective taking. iiii fdsfs Routledge Handbooks in Philosophy Routledge Handbooks in Philosophy are state- of- the- art surveys of emerging, newly refreshed, and important fields in philosophy, providing accessible yet thorough assessments of key problems, themes, thinkers, and recent developments in research. All chapters for each volume are specially commissioned, and written by leading scholars in the field. Carefully edited and organized, Routledge Handbooks in Philosophy provide indispensable reference tools for students and researchers seeking a comprehensive overview of new and exciting topics in philosophy. They are also valuable teaching resources as accompaniments to textbooks, anthologies, and research- orientated publications. Also available: The Routledge Handbook of Embodied Cognition Edited by Lawrence Shapiro The Routledge Handbook of Neoplatonism Edited by Pauliina Remes and Svetla Slaveva- Griffin The Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Philosophy of Religion Edited by Graham Oppy The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Well- Being Edited by Guy Fletcher The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Imagination Edited by Amy Kind The Routledge Handbook of the Stoic Tradition Edited by John Sellars The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Information Edited by Luciano Floridi The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Biodiversity Edited by Justin Garson, Anya Plutynski, and Sahotra Sarkar The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of the Social Mind Edited by Julian Kiverstein iiiiii THE ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF PHILOSOPHY OF EMPATHY Edited by Heidi L. Maibom iivv First published 2017 By Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2017 Heidi L. Maibom, editorial and selection matter; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Heidi L. Maibom to be identified as the author of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Names: Maibom, Heidi Lene, 1969- editor. Title: The Routledge handbook of philosophy of empathy / edited by Heidi Maibom. Description: New York : Routledge, 2017. | Series: Routledge handbooks in philosophy | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016031108| ISBN 9781138855441 (hardback : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781315282015 (e-book) Subjects: LCSH: Empathy. Classification: LCC BF575.E55 R695 2017 | DDC 152.4/1–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016031108 ISBN: 978- 1- 138- 85544- 1 (hbk) ISBN: 978- 1- 315- 28201- 5 (ebk) Typeset in Bembo by Out of House Publishing vv CONTENTS Notes on contributors ix Introduction to philosophy of empathy 1 Heidi L. Maibom PART I Core issues 11 1 Cognitive empathy 13 Shannon Spaulding 2 Affective empathy 22 Heidi L. Maibom 3 Phenomenology, empathy, and mindreading 33 Dan Zahavi 4 The neuroscience of empathy 44 Christine Cong Guo 5 Empathy and mirror neurons 54 Remy Debes 6 The evolution of empathy 64 Armin W. Schulz vv vi Contents PART II History of empathy 75 7 Empathy in the aesthetic tradition 77 Derek Matravers 8 Empathy in the phenomenological tradition 86 James Jardine and Thomas Szanto 9 Empathy in Hume and Smith 98 Imola Ilyes 10 Empathy in twentieth- century psychology 110 Mark H. Davis 11 Empathy, compassion, and “exchanging self and other” in Indo- Tibetan Buddhism 123 Emily McRae PART III Empathy and understanding 135 12 Empathy and understanding reasons 137 Karsten R. Stueber 13 Empathy and knowing what it’s like 148 Ian Ravenscroft 14 Empathy and theories of direct perception 158 Shaun Gallagher 15 Empathy and intersubjectivity 169 Joshua May 16 Empathy and imagination 180 Adam Morton 17 Empathy and psychiatric illness 190 Matthew Ratcliffe vi vii Contents PART IV Empathy and morals 201 18 Empathy and altruism 203 Thomas Schramme 19 Empathy and moral judgment 215 Antti Kauppinen 20 Empathy and moral motivation 227 Alison E. Denham 21 Empathy and moral responsibility 242 David Shoemaker 22 Empathy and legal responsibility 253 Ishtiyaque Haji 23 Empathy and care ethics 264 Maurice Hamington 24 Empathy and medical therapy 273 Per Nortvedt PART V Empathy in art and aesthetics 283 25 Empathy and painting 285 Noël Carroll 26 Empathy in music 293 Jenefer Robinson 27 Empathy in literature 306 Eileen John 28 Empathy in film 317 Jane Stadler 29 Imaginative resistance and empathy 327 Kathleen Stock vii viii Contents PART VI Empathy and individual differences 339 30 Empathy across cultures 341 Douglas Hollan 31 Empathic accuracy 353 Vivian P. Ta and William Ickes 32 Empathy and psychopathology 364 Jeanette Kennett 33 Gender and empathy 377 Robyn Bluhm Index 388 viii iixx NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS Robyn Bluhm is Associate Professor at Michigan State University, USA with a joint appoint- ment in the Department of Philosophy and Lyman Briggs College. Her research examines philosophical issues in neuroscience and in medicine, with a particular focus on the relationship between ethical and epistemological questions in these areas. She is a co- editor of Neurofeminism: Issues at the Intersection of Feminist Theory and Cognitive Science. Noël Carroll is Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, USA. He has written over fifteen books, including most recently Living in an Artworld, Art in Three Dimensions, and On Criticism and Humour: A Very Short Introduction. Mark H. Davis is Professor of Psychology at Eckerd College, St. Petersburg, FL, USA. His research areas include empathy, interpersonal conflict, and entrepreneurial mindset. He is the author of one of the most widely used measures of empathy, the Interpersonal Reactivity Index. Remy Debes is Associate Professor of Philosophy at the University of Memphis, USA. He has published articles and book chapters on empathy, emotion, moral psychology, moral senti- mentalism, and human dignity. He also works in the history of ethics, with a special interest in the French and Scottish Enlightenment. He is co-e ditor of Ethical Sentimentalism (with Karsten Stueber) and Dignity: A History, both forthcoming. Alison E. Denham works on topics in ethics, moral psychology, and aesthetics. She is the author of Metaphor and Moral Experience (2000) and, as editor, Plato on Art and Beauty (2011). She is jointly appointed to the Departments of Philosophy and Political Economy at Tulane University, New Orleans, USA. She is a Senior Research Fellow at St Anne’s College, Oxford, and Visiting Professor at the University of Oxford. Shaun Gallagher is the Lillian and Morrie Moss Professor of Excellence in Philosophy at the University of Memphis, USA, and Professorial Fellow at the Faculty of Law, Humanities and the Arts, University of Wollongong, Australia. He is currently a Humboldt Foundation Anneliese Maier Research Fellow (2012– 18). Publications include Phenomenology (2012), The iixx