THE ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF PHILOSOPHY AND IMPLICIT COGNITION Humans think of ourselves as acting according to reasons that we can typically articulate and acknowledge, though we may be reluctant to do so. Yet some of our actions do not fit this mold – they seem to arise from motives and thoughts that appear outside of our control and our self-awareness. Rather than treating such cases as outliers, theorists now treat significant parts of the mind as operating implicitly or ‘behind the scenes’. Mental faculties like reasoning, language, and memory seem to involve this sort of implicit cognition, and many of the structures we use to understand one another seem infused with biases, perceptions, and stereotypes that have implicit features. The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy and Implicit Cognition is an outstanding guide and reference source to this important topic. Composed of more than thirty chapters by an international team of contributors, the Handbook is divided into eight clear parts: • Defining Features? Identifying Implicitness Among Cognate Notions • The Nature and Limits of Implicit Processing • Ways of Perceiving, Knowing, Believing • Language • Agency and Control • Social Cognition • Memory • Learning and Reasoning The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy and Implicit Cognition is essential reading for students and researchers in philosophy of psychology, moral psychology, and philosophy of mind, and will also be of interest to those in related disciplines such as psychology, neuroscience, and linguistics. J. Robert Thompson is Associate Professor of Philosophy at Mississippi State University, USA. He studies implicit phenomena as they arise within the fields of developmental psychology, psycholinguistics, and the philosophy of language. ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOKS IN PHILOSOPHY Routledge Handbooks in Philosophy are state-of-the-art surveys of emerging, newly refreshed, and important fields in philosophy, providing accessible yet thorough assessments of key problems, themes, thinkers, and recent developments in research. All chapters for each volume are specially commissioned, and written by leading scholars in the field. Carefully edited and organized, Routledge Handbooks in Philosophy provide indispensable reference tools for students and researchers seeking a comprehensive overview of new and exciting topics in philosophy. They are also valuable teaching resources as accompaniments to textbooks, anthologies, and research-orientated publications. Also available: THE ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF PHILOSOPHY OF FRIENDSHIP Edited by Diane Jeske THE ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF INDIAN BUDDHIST PHILOSOPHY Edited by William Edelglass, Pierre-Julien Harter and Sara McClintock THE ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF BODILY AWARENESS Edited by Adrian J.T. Alsmith and Matthew R. Longo THE ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF AUTONOMY Edited by Ben Colburn THE ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF THE PHILOSOPHY AND PSYCHOLOGY OF FORGIVENESS Edited by Glen Pettigrove and Robert Enright For more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/Routledge- Handbooks-in-Philosophy/book-series/RHP THE ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF PHILOSOPHY AND IMPLICIT COGNITION Edited by J. Robert Thompson Cover image: © Getty Images First published 2023 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2023 selection and editorial matter J. Robert Thompson; individual chapters, the contributors The right of J. Robert Thompson to be identified as the author of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Thompson, J. Robert, editor. Title: The Routledge handbook of philosophy of implicit cognition / edited by J. Robert Thompson. Description: 1 Edition. | New York, NY : Routledge, 2023. | Series: Routledge handbooks in philosophy | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2022036668 (print) | LCCN 2022036669 (ebook) | ISBN 9780367857189 (hardback) | ISBN 9781032423708 (paperback) | ISBN 9781003014584 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Cognition. | Implicit memory. | Implicit learning. | Psychology—Philosophy. Classification: LCC BF311 .R6678 2023 (print) | LCC BF311 (ebook) | DDC 153—dc23/eng/20221017 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022036668 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022036669 ISBN: 978-0-367-85718-9 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-42370-8 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-01458-4 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9781003014584 Typeset in Bembo by Apex CoVantage, LLC CONTENTS Acknowledgements ix Notes on Contributors x Introduction: In Search of the Implicit 1 J. Robert Thompson PART 1 Defining Features? Identifying Implicitness Among Cognate Notions 31 1 Implicit Mental Representation 33 William Ramsey 2 Measuring and Modeling Implicit Cognition 44 Samuel A.W. Klein and Jeffrey W. Sherman 3 Implicit Cognition and Unconscious Mentality 56 Tim Crane and J. Robert Thompson 4 Implicit Cognition in Relation to the Conceptual/Nonconceptual Distinction 69 José Luis Bermúdez and Arnon Cahen 5 The Fragmented Mind: Personal and Subpersonal Approaches to Implicit Mental States 79 Zoe Drayson 6 The Levels Metaphor and the Implicit/Explicit Distinction 90 Judith Carlisle v Contents PART 2 The Nature and Limits of Implicit Processing 103 7 Implicit Cognition, Dual Process Theory, and Moral Judgment 105 Charlie Blunden, Paul Rehren, and Hanno Sauer 8 Implicit Bias and Processing 115 Ema Sullivan-Bissett 9 Predictive Processing, Implicit and Explicit 127 Paweł Gładziejewski 10 Cognitive Penetration and Implicit Cognition 144 Lucas Battich and Ophelia Deroy PART 3 Ways of Perceiving, Knowing, Believing 153 11 Helmholtz on Unconscious Inference in Experience 155 Lydia Patton 12 Husserl on Habit, Horizons, and Background 168 Dermot Moran 13 Polanyi and Tacit Knowledge 182 Stephen Turner 14 Tacit Knowledge 191 Tim Thornton 15 Collective and Distributed Knowledge: Studies of Expertise and Experience 202 Harry Collins 16 Implicit Beliefs 215 Joseph Bendaña 17 Implicit Self-Knowledge 226 Kristina Musholt vi Contents PART 4 Language 235 18 Chomsky, Cognizing, and Tacit Knowledge 237 John Collins 19 Language Processing: Making It Implicit? 247 David Pereplyotchik 20 Implicit Knowledge in Pragmatic Inference 259 Chris Cummins and Albertyna Paciorek PART 5 Agency and Control 269 21 Implicit Mechanisms in Action and in the Experience of Agency 271 Sofia Bonicalzi 22 Implicit Cognition and Addiction: Selected Recent Findings and Theory 282 Reinout W. Wiers and Alan W. Stacy 23 Phenomenology, Psychopathology, and Pre-Reflective Experience 300 Anthony Vincent Fernandez PART 6 Social Cognition 311 24 Race and the Implicit Aspects of Embodied Social Interaction 313 Jasper St. Bernard and Shaun Gallagher 25 Implicit Social Cognition 324 Shannon Spaulding 26 The Development of Implicit Theory of Mind 336 Hannes Rakoczy PART 7 Memory 351 27 Implicit Memory 353 Sarah K. Robins vii Contents 28 Memory During Failures of Recall: Information That Is Forgotten Is Not Gone 362 Anne M. Cleary PART 8 Learning and Reasoning 375 29 Implicit Reasoning 377 Thomas Sturm and Uljana Feest 30 Implicit Knowledge of (Parts of ) Logic, and How to Make It Explicit 389 Keith Stenning and Michiel van Lambalgen 31 What Is It Like to Learn Implicitly? 402 Arnaud Destrebecqz Index 416 viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Adam Johnson and the staff at Routledge for their assistance and patience in bringing this volume into print. The pressures of the COVID-19 pandemic delayed and complicated the volume in numerous ways, some of which are described in the Introduc- tion. In addition to some referees who chose to remain anonymous, I would like to thank the following individuals who reviewed material for the Handbook: Nicholas Allot, Kristin Andrews, Jacob Berger, John Bickle, Dan Burston, Scott Edgar, Susan Erck, Bart Geurts, Dick Grandy, Walter Gulick, Liz Irvine, Alistair Isaac, Greg Johnson, Koray Karaca, Alex Kiefer, Peter Koenigs, Anastasia Kozyreva, Salvador Mascarenhas, Doug McConnell, Alex Miller, Bart Moffatt, Myrto Mylopoulos, Joe Neisser, Albert Newen, Manuel Rodeiro, Schirmer dos San- tos, Bennett Schwartz, John Schwenkler, Shawn Simpson, Joulia Smortchkova, Mason Westfall, and Evan Westra. I also want to acknowledge the contributors to the volume who weighed in at various points in its development. Steven Gross provided me with very helpful feedback early in the process of editing this volume, and I want to express my appreciation to him for his help with this project and for his kind assistance at other points as I emerged into the profession. Not everyone was able to respond to the challenges of the pandemic with a sense of respon- sibility and compassion. So, I am deeply grateful for those who were able to, especially my wife and fellow academic, Devon Brenner. JRT ix