The Routledge Companion to the Tudor Age ’ Rosemary O Day Routledge Companions to History THE ROUTLEDGE COMPANION TO THE TUDOR AGE This new Companion is an invaluable guide to one of the most colourful periods in history. Covering everything from the Reformation, controversies over the succes- sion and the prayer book to literature, the family and education, this highly acces- sible reference tool contains commentary on the key events in the reigns of the five Tudor monarchs from Henry VII to Elizabeth I. Opening with a general introduction, it includes a wealth of chronologies, biogra- phies, statistics and maps, as well as a glossary and a guide to the key works in the field. Topics covered include: • the establishment of the Tudor dynasty; monarchs and their consorts; rebel- lions against the Tudors • the legal system – central and ecclesiastical courts • government – central and local; the monarchy and parliament • the Church – structure and changes throughout this tumultuous period • Ireland – timeline of key events • Population – numbers and distribution • the World of Learning – education; literature; religion • the key debates in the field – from religion, the economy and foreign policy to education and gender. This indispensible resource offers thorough coverage of ecclesiastical, cultural and educational issues, as well as diplomatic, administrative and military affairs, and will be essential reading for all those with an interest in the Tudor Age. Rosemary O’Day is Professor of History at the Open University. ROUTLEDGE COMPANIONS TO HISTORY Series Advisors: Chris Cook and John Stevenson Routledge Companions to History offer perfect reference guides to key historical events and eras, providing everything that the student or general reader needs to know. These comprehensive guides include essential apparatus for navigating through specific topics in a clear and straightforward manner – including introductory articles, biographies and chronologies – to provide accessible and indispensable surveys crammed with vital information valuable for beginner and expert alike. The Routledge Companion to Nazi Germany Roderick Stackelberg The Routledge Companion to Early Modern Europe, 1453–1763 Chris Cook and Philip Broadhead The Routledge Companion to Britain in the Nineteenth Century, 1815–1914 Chris Cook The Routledge Companion to European History since 1763 Chris Cook and John Stevenson The Routledge Companion to World History since 1914 Chris Cook and John Stevenson The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right Peter Davies and Derek Lynch The Routledge Companion to the Crusades Peter Lock The Routledge Companion to Historical Studies Alun Munslow The Routledge Companion to Decolonization Dietmar Rothermund The Routledge Companion to Britain in the Eighteenth Century, 1688–1820 John Stevenson and Jeremy Gregory The Routledge Companion to the American Civil War Era Hugh Tulloch The Routledge Companion to the Stuart Age, 1603–1714 John Wroughton The Routledge Companion to Central and Eastern Europe since 1919 Adrian Webb The Routledge Companion to Britain in the Twentieth Century Mark Clapson The Routledge Companion to the Tudor Age Rosemary O’Day THE ROUTLEDGE COMPANION TO THE TUDOR AGE Rosemary O’Day First published 2010 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Previously published in 1995 by Pearson Education Limited Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2010 Rosemary O’Day Typeset in Times New Roman by Book Now Ltd, London All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Li brary of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data The Routledge companion to the Tudor age/Rosemary O’Day. p. cm.—(Routledge companions to history) Based on the author’s earlier work The Longman companion to the Tudor age, published in 1995. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Great Britain—History—Tudors, 1485–1603—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Great Britain—History—Tudors, 1485–1603—Chronology. 3. Tudor, House of—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 4. England—Civilization—16th century—Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. O’Day, Rosemary. Longman companion to the Tudor age. II. Title. III. Title: Companion to the Tudor age. DA315.O33 2010 942.05—dc22 2009049713 ISBN10: 0–415–44564–7 (hbk) ISBN10: 0–415–44565–5 (pbk) ISBN10: 0–203–85046–7 (ebk) ISBN13: 978–0–415–44564–1 (hbk) ISBN13: 978–0–415–44565–8 (pbk) ISBN13: 978–0–203–85046–6 (ebk) I dedicate this book to Barbara Lewis of Gnosall, Staffordshire, with thanks for her excellent teaching and support through the years. CONTENTS Introduction ix Abbreviations xiii 1 General chronology 1 2 Rebellions against the Tudors: chronologies 37 3 Ireland 39 4 The world of learning 44 5 Central government: (1) the monarchy and the royal household 69 6 Central government: (2) parliament 79 7 Central courts 94 8 Local government 101 9 Structure of the Church in England 110 10 Ecclesiastical courts and commissions 116 11 Population and population distribution 127 12 Biographies 130 12.1 Monarchs and their consorts 130 12.2 Biographical index 137 13 Genealogical tables 232 14 Tudor titles: who was who? 244 15 Glossary 254 16 Bibliographies 289 17 Debates 312 18 Maps 323 Index 326 INTRODUCTION This volume is based on my earlier Companion to the Tudor Age (1995). While it retains many of the features of that work, this is a new book. The changed form of the book owes much to the changing emphases within the discipline of history since 1995. Interdisciplinarity is now fashionable and, whereas in 1995 I had to justify the inclusion of literary and artistic figures (for example, in the biographical index), there has been no such necessity in 2009 to explain the need to cover those who made a cultural contribution. Some of the best historical work now emanates from scholars working on historical themes in the disciplines of literature, art history and music. Historians now seek to compare developments in England with those in Scotland, Ireland and Wales. Benchmarking across the sector has meant that post- graduates and undergraduates alike are expected to embark on original archival research: it has, therefore, seemed appropriate to cater for their special needs throughout the book. The present work, while retaining many of the features of its predecessor, includes a considerably improved general chronology (which has been expanded to cover religious developments, Irish and Welsh affairs and, to the extent that space permits, events in Scotland and western Europe); an enlarged biographical section (which has been checked against the new Oxford Dictionary of National Biography and other authorities); new sections on the structure of the Church in England, and the ecclesiastical courts; an enhanced glossary, a new bibliography section and an updated debates section. Details and dates A conscientious attempt has been made to ensure accuracy in respect of details and dates. Standard texts, such as the new Oxford Dictionary of National Biography and the Royal Historical Society’s Handbook of British Chronology and other handlists, as well as authoritative monographs and editions, have been used to establish and check details and dates throughout. A caveat should be issued in this regard, how- ever, because such sources are frequently in conflict and the student will, from time to time, find discrepancies. While such conflict is one of the frustrations of historical research, one of its joys lies in the attempt to resolve such problems. The Companion does not pretend to contain every fact that a student and scholar will need for their work nor to provide uniform coverage of all areas. Indeed, the