THE ROUTLEDGE COMPANION TO RELIGION AND SCIENCE The field of religion and science is one of the most exciting and dynamic areas of research today. This Companion brings together an outstanding team of scholars to explore the ways in which science intersects with the major religions of the world and religious naturalism. The collection provides an overview of the field and also indicates ways in which it is developing. Each topic is presented in a clear, readable fashion, ideal for scholars but also useful for upper-level undergraduates. JamesW.HaagisaLecturerinthePhilosophyDepartmentatSuffolkUniversity,USA. Gregory R. Peterson is a Professor in the Philosophy and Religion Department at South Dakota State University, USA. MichaelL.Speziois AssistantProfessorofPsychology and Neuroscience atScripps College and Visiting Faculty at the California Institute of Technology, USA. THE ROUTLEDGE COMPANION TO RELIGION AND SCIENCE Edited by James. W. Haag, Gregory R. Peterson, and Michael L. Spezio Firstpublishedin2012 byRoutledge 2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,OxonOX144RN SimultaneouslypublishedintheUSAandCanada byRoutledge 711ThirdAvenue,NewYork,NY10017 RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness ©2012JamesW.Haag,GregoryR.PetersonandMichaelL.Spezioforselectionand editorialmatter;individualcontributors,theircontributions Therightoftheeditorstobeidentifiedastheauthorsoftheeditorialmaterial,and oftheauthorsfortheirindividualchapters,hasbeenassertedinaccordancewith sections77and78oftheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedorreproducedorutilised inanyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans,nowknownor hereafterinvented,includingphotocopyingandrecording,orinanyinformation storageorretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublishers. Trademarknotice:Productorcorporatenamesmaybetrademarksorregistered trademarks,andareusedonlyforidentificationandexplanationwithoutintentto infringe. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData TheRoutledgecompaniontoreligionandscience/editedbyJames.W.Haag, GregoryR.Peterson,andMichaelL.Spezio. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferences. 1.Religionandscience.I.Haag,James.W.II.Peterson,GregoryR.,1966-III. Spezio,MichaelL. BL240.3.R6852011 2010.65–dc22 2011011491 ISBN:978-0-415-49244-7(hbk) ISBN:978-0-203-80351-6(ebk) TypesetinGoudyOldStyle byTaylor&FrancisBooks CONTENTS Notes on contributors x Introduction xxi PART I Epistemology and history (i) Frameworks and methods 1 1 Religion and science in Christian theology 3 F. LERON SHULTS 2 Empiricism, conceptual cleavers, and the discourse on religion and science 13 FRANCISCA CHO 3 Science and religion: From the historian’s perspective 24 GEOFFREY CANTOR 4 The physics of spirit: The indigenous continuity of science and religion 34 BRIAN YAZZIE BURKHART (ii) Historical overviews 43 5 Islam and science 45 AHMED RAGAB 6 Christianity and science 58 GARY B. FERNGREN 7 Feminism, religion, and science 69 J. JEANINE THWEATT-BATES 8 Jews and the study of nature 79 NOAH EFRON v CONTENTS PART II Scientific and religious models of the world (i) Cosmologies and cosmogonies 91 9 Cosmology 93 JOEL R. PRIMACK AND NANCY ELLEN ABRAMS 10 Astronomy: From star gazing to astrobiology 103 GRACE WOLF-CHASE 11 Hindu cosmogony/cosmology 113 GERALD JAMES LARSON 12 Modern cosmology and religious naturalism 124 DONALD M. BRAXTON 13 Cosmology and theology 135 ANTJE JACKELÉN (ii) Quantum theoretical approaches and causality 145 14 Quantum theoretical approaches and causality 147 GREGG JAEGER 15 Quantum mechanics and some Hindu perspectives 156 VARADARAJA V. RAMAN 16 Quantum theory, philosophy, and theology: Is there a distinct Roman Catholic perspective? 169 WILLIAM R. STOEGER, S.J. 17 Quantum theory, causality, and Islamic thought 179 MEHDI GOLSHANI (iii) Complexity, emergence, and eliminativism 191 18 Eliminativism, complexity, and emergence 193 TERRENCE DEACON AND TYRONE CASHMAN 19 Philosophical implications of emergence 206 TIMOTHY O’CONNOR 20 Emergence and Christian theology 213 JAMES W. HAAG vi CONTENTS 21 Buddhism, emergence, and anti-substantialism 223 CHARLES GOODMAN (iv) Evolutionary biology and suffering 231 22 The biological antecedents of human suffering 233 URSULA GOODENOUGH 23 Suffering through to something higher 248 HOLMES ROLSTON, III 24 Magic, monotheism and natural evil: Classical and modern Jewish responses to suffering 259 LAWRENCE TROSTER 25 The problem of suffering in theistic evolution 270 TED PETERS (v) The cognitive sciences and religious experience 283 26 The cognitive sciences: A brief introduction for science and religion 285 MICHAEL L. SPEZIO 27 Cognitive science and classical Buddhist philosophy of mind 296 RICHARD K. PAYNE 28 Christianity and the cognitive sciences 308 CHARLENE P. E. BURNS 29 Hinduism and the cognitive sciences: Challenges, contrasts, and confluences 320 STEPHEN KAPLAN (vi) Ecology and the integrity of nature 331 30 Frontiers in religion and ecology: Notes on the new ecology and the creation of value 333 NATHANIEL F. BARRETT AND WILLIAM R. JORDAN, III 31 Judaism and the science of ecology 345 HAVA TIROSH-SAMUELSON 32 Asian religions, ecology, and the integrity of nature 356 CHRISTOPHER KEY CHAPPLE vii CONTENTS 33 Meaning-making practices and environmental history: Toward an ecotonal theology 368 WHITNEY A. BAUMAN PART III Religion and science, values, and public policy (i) Origins 379 34 Origins 381 MICHAEL RUSE 35 Creation and liberation: The ontology of American Indian origins 391 SCOTT L. PRATT 36 Origins: The Hindu case 403 C. MACKENZIE BROWN 37 Christian responses to evolution 414 CHRIS DORAN 38 Jewish origins: Cosmos, humanity, and Judaism 425 SHAI CHERRY (ii) Biotechnology and justice 437 39 Biotechnology and justice 439 RONALD COLE-TURNER 40 Justice and biotechnology: Protestant views 449 KAREN LEBACQZ 41 Muslim ethics and biotechnology 455 EBRAHIM MOOSA 42 Biotechnology and justice: Roman Catholic perspectives 466 B. ANDREW LUSTIG 43 Justice in the margins of the land: Jewish responses to the challenges of biotechnology 476 LAURIE ZOLOTH (iii) Non-human cognition: animal cognition and artificial intelligence 485 44 Ecce Pan: Primate theory of mind and the notion of awe 487 DAVID HARNDEN-WARWICK AND JESSE M. BERING viii CONTENTS 45 Animals as religious and soteriological beings: A Hindu perspective 497 ELLISON BANKS FINDLY 46 Animals and Christianity 508 GREGORY R. PETERSON 47 Does the Buddha have a theory of mind?: Animal cognition and human distinctiveness in Buddhism 520 JONATHAN C. GOLD (iv) Aging and life extension 529 48 Prospects for the biomedical postponement of aging: Technical context for a theological debate 531 AUBREY D. N. J. DE GREY 49 Response to Aubrey de Grey from the perspective of Buddhism 540 DEREK F. MAHER 50 Cosmic aliveness: Nurturing life in the Daoist tradition 549 LIVIA KOHN 51 A Christian theological response to Aubrey de Grey’s prospects for the biomedical postponement of aging: Or: what does it mean to live long and prosper? 558 ANN MILLIKEN PEDERSON (v) Transhumanism and artificial intelligence 567 52 Transhumanism and cognitive enhancement 569 DANIEL S. RIZZUTO AND JOSHUA W. FOST 53 Cyborgs, robots, and eternal avatars: Transhumanist salvation at the interface of brains and machines 578 ROBERT M. GERACI 54 Human-directed evolution: A Christian perspective 591 NOREEN HERZFELD 55 American Indians, transhumanism and cognitive enhancement 602 THURMAN LEE HESTER, JR. Index 611 ix CONTRIBUTORS NancyEllenAbramsisalawyer (J.D., UniversityofMichigan)withaB.A.from the University of Chicago in history and philosophy of science. She specializes in the role of science in a new politics. She is an award-winning writer and co-authored, with Joel R. Primack, The View from the Center of the Universe: Discovering our Extraordinary Place in the Cosmos (Riverhead, 2006). Abrams and Primack gave the Terry Lectures at Yale in October 2009 on “Cosmic Society: the New Universe and the Human Future”; their book based on those lectures will be published by Yale University Press, spring 2011. Nathaniel F. Barrett is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Institute for the Biocultural Study of Religion. His research interests include cognitive and evolutionary theories of religion, the Chinese traditions of Daoism and Con- fucianism, and philosophy of nature. He has published articles in Process Studies, InternationalJournalforPhilosophyofReligion,and JournalfortheAmericanAcademy of Religion. Whitney A. Bauman is Assistant Professor of Religion and Science at Florida International University. His book Theology, Creation and Environmental Ethics (Routledge, 2009) won the Templeton Award for Theological Promise. He is co-editor with Rick Bohannon and Kevin O’Brien of Grounding Religion: A Field Guide to the Study of Religion and Ecology (Routledge, 2010) and Inherited Land: The Changing Grounds of Religion and Ecology (Wipf and Stock, 2011). He is currently working on his second manuscript, tentatively entitled Religion, Nature and Queer Theory: Opening Spaces for Dialogue. Jesse M. Bering is the Director of the Institute of Cognition and Culture and a Reader in the School of History and Anthropology at Queen’s University, Bel- fast, Northern Ireland. A research psychologist by training, he writes the popular weekly column “Bering in Mind,” a featured blog for the Scientific American website. In addition, he has published over sixty professional scientific articles, nearly all in the area of human social evolution. He was awarded the 2010 “Sci- entist of the Year Award” by the National Organization of Gay and Lesbian Sci- entists and Technical Professionals, a division of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. x