THE ROUTLEDGE ATLAS OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR THE COMPLETE VISUAL HISTORY OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR ‘This really is a brilliantly useful book … All in all, this is an outstanding reference work that can also be enjoyed as an unusual graphic history of the Second World War and its many political, economic and military dimensions.’ Military Illustrated ‘Of the greatest interest and originality.’ Sir John Keegan ‘Sir Martin Gilbert’s Atlas of the Second World War is a work of extraordinary scholarship … No university, library, historian — or anyone interested in World War II — will want to be without it.’ Henry Kissinger In The Routledge Atlas of the Second World War, Martin Gilbert graphically charts the war’s political, military, economic and social history through 257 illuminating maps. The atlas covers all the major events from the German invasion of Poland in September 1939 to the defeat of Japan in August 1945, including the Blitz; the Fall of France; Pearl Harbor; the naval Battles of the Atlantic, the Indian Ocean and the Pacific; Dieppe; Stalingrad; Midway; the Normandy Landings; the bombing of Warsaw, London, Coventry, Hamburg, Dresden, Tokyo, Hiroshima and Nagasaki; the Burma Railway; concentration camps and slave labour camps; and prisoner-of-war camps in Europe, the Americas and the Far East. Focusing on the human — and inhuman — aspects of the war, The Routledge Atlas of the Second World War includes examination of: Military, naval and air campaigns on all the war fronts The war on land, at sea and in the air, and behind the lines The economic and social aspects of the war The global nature of the war, in armed combat and in suffering The impact of the war on civilians, both under occupation, and as deportees and refugees The aftermath of the war: post-war political and national boundaries; war graves; and the human cost of the war on every continent. This new paperback edition includes several updates to existing maps, as well as ten new maps specially drawn for this edition. The new maps include studies of Japanese-American and African-American soldiers serving with the United States Army, British women special agents, Belgium at war, and the German occupation of the Channel Islands. Sir Martin Gilbert is one of the leading historians of his generation. An Honorary Fellow of Merton College, Oxford — of which he was a fellow for thirty years — he is the official biographer of Churchill and the author of eighty- two books, among them Churchill — A Life; The Second World War; D-Day; The Day the War Ended and the three-volume A History of the Twentieth Century. For more information please visit www.martingilbert.com. BOOKS BY MARTIN GILBERT The Routledge Atlas of American History The Routledge Atlas of the Arab- Israeli Conflict The Routledge Atlas of British History The Routledge Atlas of the First World War The Routledge Atlas of the Holocaust The Appeasers (with Richard Gott) The European Powers, 1900–1945 The Roots of Appeasement Children’s Illustrated Bible Atlas Atlas of British Charities The Holocaust: Maps and Photographs The Jews of Arab Lands: Their History in Maps The Jews of Russia: Their History in Maps Sir Horace Rumbold: Portrait of a Diplomat Jerusalem: Rebirth of a City Jerusalem in the Twentieth Century Exile and Return: The Struggle for Jewish Statehood Israel: A History The Story of Israel Auschwitz and the Allies The Jews of Hope: The Plight of Soviet Jewry Today Shcharansky: Hero of Our Time The Holocaust: The Jewish Tragedy Kristallnacht: Prelude to Destruction The Boys: Triumph over Adversity The First World War THE CHURCHILL BIOGRAPHY Volume III: The Challenge of War, 1914–1916 Document Volume III (in two parts) Volume IV: World in Torment, 1917–1922 Document Volume IV (in three parts) Volume V: The Coming of War, 1922– 1939 Document Volume V: The Exchequer Years, 1922–1929 Document Volume V: The Wilderness Years, 1929–1935 Document Volume V: The Coming of War, 1936–1939 Volume VI: Finest Hour, 1939–1941 Churchill War Papers I: At the Admiralty, September 1939–May 1940 Churchill War Papers II: Never Surrender, May–December 1940 Churchill War Papers III: The Ever-Widening War, 1941 The Routledge Historical Atlas of Jerusalem The Routledge Atlas of Jewish History The Routledge Atlas of Russian History The Routledge Atlas of the Second World War Somme: The Heroism and Horror of War The Second World War D-Day The Day the War Ended Empires in Conflict: A History of the Twentieth Century, 1900–1933 Descent into Barbarism: A History of the Twentieth Century, 1934–1951 Challenge to Civilization: A History of the Twentieth Century, 1952–1999 Never Again: A History of the Holocaust The Jews in the Twentieth Century: An Illustrated History Letters to Auntie Fori: The 5,000-Year History of the Jewish People and Their Faith The Righteous: The Unsung Heroes of the Holocaust In Search of Churchill Churchill and America Churchill and the Jews The Will of the People: Churchill and Parliamentary Democracy Volume VII: Road to Victory, 1941–1945 Volume VIII: Never Despair, 1945–1965 Churchill: A Photographic Portrait Churchill: A Life EDITIONS OF DOCUMENTS Britain and Germany between the Wars Plough My Own Furrow: The Life of Lord Allen of Hurtwood Servant of India: Diaries of the Viceroy’s Private Secretary, 1905–1910 Winston Churchill and Emery Reves: Correspondence 1937–1964 THE ROUTLEDGE ATLAS OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR 2nd Edition Martin Gilbert First edition published 2008 Second edition published 2009 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2008, 2009 Martin Gilbert The right of Martin Gilbert to be identified as the Author of this Work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 Typeset in Sabon by Keystroke, Tettenhall, Wolverhampton Printed and bound in Great Britain by The Cromwell Press, Trowbridge, Wiltshire All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN10: 0-415-55289-3 (pbk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-55289-9 (pbk) Contents Introduction Acknowledgements List of Maps Section One — From the German Invasion of Poland to the Fall of France Section Two — Britain Alone and its Allies Section Three — The Soviet Union Becomes an Allied Power Section Four — Japan and the United States Enter the War Section Five — The Unrelenting Struggle, 1942 and Beyond Section Six — The Unarmed and the Civilians Section Seven — Total War Section Eight — Year of Decision: 1944 Section Nine — The Defeat of Germany Section Ten — The Defeat of Japan Section Eleven — Global War Aftermath Epilogue Bibliography of Works Consulted Index Introduction to the First Edition Forty years ago, while I was preparing my Atlas of the First World War, I asked Field Marshal Montgomery, who had been a young officer in that war — seeing action at Mons, the Somme, Arras and Passchendaele — if he would write the introduction. In it he wrote: ‘It was an honour when my friend Martin Gilbert asked me to write an introduction to this atlas. I look forward eagerly to his atlas of the 1939–45 war in which I fought on the battlefields of Africa and Europe — but by then being somewhat more senior in rank than in 1914.’ The Field Marshal, whose grave had been dug on the Western Front in 1914 in expectation of his death — after he had been shot through the lung by a sniper — died in 1976 at the age of eighty-eight. I dedicate this atlas to his memory, and for his encouragement of my work; I trust he would have approved of these maps, on several of which he appears: commanding the Eighth Army in North Africa, from Egypt to Tunisia, and the 21st Army Group in northern Europe, from Normandy to Luneberg Heath, where on 4 May 1945 he received the German offer to surrender. In the past four decades, my researches have introduced me to many aspects of the Second World War. The 247 maps in this atlas are the fruit of those researches. At the centre of the war were the battles that marked its course and ensured its outcome: battles that were fought in Europe, in Asia, in Africa, on land, on the seas and oceans, and in the skies. In addition to the maps of the battles, other maps tell the story of prisoners of war who were so often killed after they had surrendered; of millions of victims of racial policies; of millions who lived under the shadow of the bomber; and of individual heroes and heroism in every walk of life: men and women who showed that, even amid horrific evil, some shafts of light and goodness could survive, and be effective. Every author is influenced by personal experiences and memories. Among the themes I have mapped is that of prisoners of war. As a ten-year-old schoolboy in Britain, I was greatly affected by the distressing experiences of my father’s cousin Simmy Gordon, who had been a prisoner of war of the Japanese. In the