This page intentionally left blank THE ROMAN CLAN The gens, a key social formation in archaic Rome, has given rise to much controversy in modern scholarship. In this comprehensive exploration of the subject, Professor Smith examines the mismatch betweentheancientevidenceandmoderninterpretativemodelsinflu- encedbysocialanthropologyandpoliticaltheory.Heoffersadetailed comparison of the gens with the Attic genos and illustrates, for the first time, how recent changes in the way we understand the genos mayimpactuponourunderstandingofRomanhistory.Hedevelops aconceptofthegenswithintheinterlockingcommunalinstitutions ofearlyRomewhichtouchesonquestionsofland-ownership,warfare and the patriciate, before offering an explanation of the role of the gensandthepartitmightplayinmodernpoliticaltheory.Thissig- nificantworkmakesanimportantcontributionnotonlytothestudy ofarchaicRome,butalsotothehistoryofideas. c. j. smith is Professor of Ancient History at the University of StAndrews.HispreviouspublicationsincludeEarlyRomeandLatium: Economy and Society c. 1000 to 500bc(1996), Trade, Traders and the AncientCity(1998),ReligioninArchaicandRepublicanRome(2000) andSicilyfromAeneastoAugustus(2000).Heistheco-editorofFrag- mentaryRomanHistorians(forthcoming). THE W. B. STANFORD MEMORIAL LECTURES Thislectureserieswasestablishedbypublicsubscription, tohonourthememoryofWilliamBedellStanford, RegiusProfessorofGreekinTrinityCollege,Dublin, from1940to1980,andChancelloroftheUniversityof Dublinfrom1982to1984. THE ROMAN CLAN The gens from ancient ideology to modern anthropology C. J. SMITH cambridge university press Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown,Singapore,SãoPaulo Cambridge University Press TheEdinburghBuilding,Cambridgecb22ru,UK PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork www.cambridge.org Informationo nthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521856928 ©C.J.Smith2006 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexceptionandtotheprovisionof relevantcollectivelicensingagreements,noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplace withoutthewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublishedinprintformat 2006 isbn-13 978-0-511-16109-4 eBook(EBL) isbn-10 0-511-16109-3 eBook(EBL) isbn-13 978-0-521-85692-8 hardback isbn-10 0-521-85692-2 hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyofurls forexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication,anddoesnot guaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. ForSusan Contents Listofillustrations pageix Preface xi Listofabbreviations xiii Generalintroduction 1 part i the evidence for the gens 1 Theancientevidence 12 1. Introduction 12 2. Etymology,meaninganddefinition 13 3. Thegens:Adefinition 15 4. Thenomen 17 5. Thetwelvetables 21 6. Gentilicialexogamyandthenatureofthegens 30 7. Legendaryandhistoricalgenealogies 32 8. Gentes,cultsandmores 44 9. Thegensatlaw 51 10. ThegensinCiceroandLivy 55 11. Conclusion 63 2 Moderninterpretations 65 1. Introduction 65 2. CarloSigonio 66 3. GiambattistaVicoandhisinfluence 71 4. Niebuhrandthebeginningsofmodernancienthistory 81 5. TheodorMommsen 85 6. LewisHenryMorgan 88 7. Morgan’sMarxistlegacy 99 8. FusteldeCoulanges 101 9. HenrySumnerMaine 104 10. Thegensintheearlytwentiethcentury 108 11. Conclusion 112 vi Contents vii 3 Thegensinthemirror:RomangensandAtticgenos 114 1. Introduction 114 2. Earlyviewsofthegenos 115 3. BourriotandRoussel:AFrenchcritique 117 4. Theevidence:PhilochorosandtheAthenaionPoliteia 121 5. Theevidence:DemotionidaiandDekeleieis 126 6. Theevidence:Gene¯andCults 130 7. Thegene¯andtheEupatridai 133 8. Reconstructingthegenos 134 9. Thegenosandthegens 140 4 Archaeologyandthegens 144 1. Introduction 144 2. FromBronzeAgetoIronAge 144 3. ThegensatOsteriadell’Osa 147 4. ThegensatSatricum 150 5. TheAuditoriosite 153 6. Summary 155 7. TheEtruscans 156 8. Onomasticstructures 158 9. Theevidenceofchambertombs 160 10. Crisis 160 PartI:Conclusion 164 part ii towards an interpretation of the gens 5 TheRomancommunity 168 1. Introduction 168 2. Clientesandplebeians 168 3. Historicaloutline 176 6 TheRomancuriae 184 1. Introduction 184 2. Theoriginsofthecuriae 186 3. DionysiusofHalicarnassusandtheRomancuriae 192 4. CuriaeandQuirites 198 5. Thenamesandlocationsofthecuriae 202 6. Thereligiousaspectsofthecuriae 205 7. Themilitaryfunctionsofthecuriae 208 8. Thepoliticalfunctionsofthecuriae 210 9. Thelexcuriata 217 10. Thepoliticalassembliesofthecuriae 223 11. Curiaeandtribus 225 12. Thearchaiccuriae 230 viii Contents 7 Thepatriciansandtheland 235 1. Introduction 235 2. Gentesandtribus 236 8 Thepatriciate 251 1. Introduction 251 2. Patres,patricii,andthesenate 252 3. Patricianprivileges 258 4. Priestlyoffice 260 5. Auspicia 263 6. Politicaloffice 268 7. Patrumauctoritas 273 8. Patriciansandplebeians 275 9. Theproblemofthepatriciate 278 9 WarfareintheregalandearlyRepublicanperiods 281 1. TheearlyRomanarmy 281 2. ThegensFabiaatVeii 290 3. Conclusion 295 10 Explainingthegens 299 1. Introduction 299 2. Patriciansandgentesintheregalperiod 302 3. PatriciansandgentesintheearlyRepublic 306 4. Patricians,gentesandthecommunity 315 5. ThegensintheRomanhistoricaltradition 324 11 Romanhistoryandthemodernworld 336 Appendix1:DionysiusofHalicarnassusontheRomancuriae andreligion 347 Appendix2:Themissingcuriae 356 Selectbibliography 363 Generalindex 384 Indexofancientpersons 388 Indexofpassagesdiscussed 390