Loughborough University Institutional Repository The role of selected football projects in implementing sports programmes for young people living in deprived areas ThisitemwassubmittedtoLoughboroughUniversity’sInstitutionalRepository by the/an author. Additional Information: • A Doctoral Thesis. Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy of Loughborough University. Metadata Record: https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/23344 Publisher: (cid:13)c Caron Walpole Rights: This work is made available according to the conditions of the Cre- ative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) licence. Full details of this licence are available at: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Please cite the published version. The role of selected football projects in implementing sports programmes for young people living in deprived areas by Caron Walpole A Doctoral Thesis Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of The degree of Ph.D. of Loughborough University © Caron Walpole, 2016 CONTENTS Illustrations v Abbreviations viii Acknowledgements ix Abstract x Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Background to the research 1 Aims and objectives of the research 1 The importance of the research 2 How the research was conducted 4 Chapter 2 Review of literature relating to policy analysis 9 Policy as aspiration, action and inaction 9 Discussion on Power and policy 10 One-dimensional power 11 Two-dimensional power 11 Three-dimensional power 12 Discussion on the theories of the state 14 Neo-marxism 15 Neo-pluralism 17 Governance 18 Market liberalism 19 Elite theory 21 Discussion on policy process and policy analysis 22 The stages model 23 Advocacy coalition framework 27 Multiple streams 32 The mapping of networks 37 Discussion on policy implementation 41 The top-down approach 42 The bottom-up approach 44 Discussion about the analysis of implementation tools 45 Implementation tools 46 Partnerships 46 Networks 48 Policy evaluation 49 Conclusion 51 i Chapter 3 Sport and Poverty policy 59 Poverty and deprivation: context and definitions 59 Social exclusion 63 The social citizen with rights and responsibilities 65 Social inclusion and inequality 67 Social capital 69 The need for periodisation within policy analysis 71 The 1960s up until 1979 72 General welfare policy 72 General sport policy 73 Policy round sport and deprivation 74 1979 up until 1990 75 General welfare policy 75 General sport policy 76 Policy round sport and deprivation 77 1990 up until 2010 78 General welfare policy 78 General sport policy 79 Policy round sport and deprivation 81 2010 up to 2014 83 General welfare policy 83 General sport policy 84 Policy round sport and deprivation 87 Policy context around football 87 Conclusion 97 Trends within general welfare policy 97 Trends within general sport policy 98 Trends within sport and deprivation 99 Trends within football 99 Chapter 4 Research method 101 Research theory 101 Perspectives on social research 101 Research methodology 107 The research design 108 Values and ethics 114 Research methods 115 The structured interview 116 The unstructured interview 116 Group and focus interviews 116 The semi-structured interview 117 Questionnaires 117 ii Documentary evidence 119 Selection of interviewees for the data collection 120 Analysis of the research data 121 Validity and reliability 124 Interview schedule 125 Reflections on the research process 126 Chapter 5 Case Study No.1: Aston football development centre project 138 The policy analysis of the Aston football development centre project 138 Background to Aston 139 Background to the Aston football development centre project 143 The rationale for the Aston football project 146 Regeneration (Housing and environment theme) 146 The community safety theme 152 The community cohesion theme 157 The health and well-being theme 158 The volunteer development theme 158 The football development theme 160 Conclusion for the rationale of the project 166 Partnerships 166 Birmingham city council 166 Aston Pride 167 The Birmingham FA 168 Aston Sports Club 170 Aston Villa Football Trust 170 Positive Futures 171 StreetGames 172 Other local partners 172 Conclusion for the partnerships of the project 173 The recruitment of the young people for the sports programme 176 The planning for programme evaluation 179 The planning for the future of the programme 180 Conclusion 181 Chapter 6 Case study no. 2: Braunstone football project 186 Background to Braunstone 186 Background to Braunstone Football project 189 The rationale for running the sports programme 193 The community safety theme 193 The football development theme 198 The volunteer development theme 199 iii The environment theme 201 The health and well-being theme 202 Conclusion for the rationale of the project 203 Partnerships 204 BCA and the SAZ 204 NACRO 209 The Police 210 The YOT 211 The Fire Service 211 Positive Futures 211 Leicester City Council 212 The Football Foundation and the Barclays Spaces for Sport 213 Programme The Leicestershire FA 216 Conclusion for the partnerships of the project 218 The recruitment of young people for the sports programmes 221 The planning for programme evaluation 225 The planning for the future of the programme 226 Conclusion 228 Chapter 7 Case Study no.3 The Derby Hat Trick football project 234 Background to Derwent 234 Background to the project 235 The rationale for running the project 241 The football development theme 241 The volunteer development theme 248 The community safety theme 250 The environment theme 255 The health and well-being theme 255 The community cohesion theme 256 Conclusion for the rationale of the project 261 Partnerships 262 Derby County Community Trust 262 Derwent NDC 264 The national FA 266 The Football Foundation 267 The Derbyshire FA 268 The police 269 Conclusion for the partnerships of the project 271 The recruitment of young people for the sports programmes 276 The planning for programme evaluation 280 iv The planning for the future of the programme 282 Conclusion 283 Chapter 8 Conclusion Introduction 286 The significance of sport and welfare Policy between 1997 and 2014 287 A longitudinal analysis of the three case studies 289 Similarities between the three case studies 292 Difference between the three case studies 296 Summary of the similarities and difference between the three 303 case studies Power 305 An assessment of the interconnection between project objectives and 308 changes in the national and local policy environment Assessment of theory and the policy analysis frameworks 311 Reflections on the research process 321 References 324 Appendix 1. Example of case study interview schedules 338 2. Extract from interview transcript 341 3. List of interviewees 344 v Illustrations Figures 5.1 Aston Project location 141 5.2 Aston Project session 141 6.1 Braunstone location for the project’s sessions 187 6.2 Braunstone Fireball Project 187 7.1 Derby main location of project sessions 240 7.2 Location of Derby County Community Trust 240 Tables 2.1. Assessment of the ‘stages model’ for the analysis of sport and 26 welfare policy 2.2. Assessment of the advocacy coalition framework for the analysis of 31 sport and welfare policy 2.3 Assessment of the ‘multiple streams’ model for the analysis of sport 35 and welfare policy 2.4 Assessment of the ‘network’ model for the analysis of sport and 40 welfare policy 2.5 The assessment of selected macro-level theories and sport policy 53 (Adapted from Houlihan and Lindsey, 2012) 2.6 An assessment of the utility of four meso-level analytical frameworks 54 4.1 The interrelationship between the building blocks of research 102 4.2. Addressing rival explanations within the research 112 4.3 Research methods for the case studies 121 4.4. Analysis strategy for the research data 123 4.5 Interview topics for the research study 125 5.1 The timeline for the development of the Aston Football Project 145 5.2 Analysis of the political stream for the Aston football project, 150 2005-2013, using the Multiple Streams Framework. 5.3 Analysis of the Problem stream for the Aston football project, 155 2005-2013, using the Multiple Streams Framework 5.4 Analysis of the policy stream for the Aston football project, 163 2005-2013, using the Multiple Streams Framework. 5.5 Analysis of the role of football organisations at the Aston football 175 Project, 2005 – 2013 5.6 Analysis of the focus on young people in disadvantaged areas at the 178 Aston football project, 2005 - 2013 5.7 Analysis of the approach to project implementation at the Aston 183 football project 6.1. The timeline for the development of the Braunstone Football project 191 vi 6.2: Analysis of the problem stream for the Braunstone football project, 196 2002-2014, using the Multiple Streams Framework 6.3. The analysis of the political stream for the Braunstone football 207 project, 2002-2014, using the Multiple Streams Framework 6.4 Analysis of the policy stream for the Braunstone football project, 214 2002-2014, using the Multiple Streams Framework 6.5 Analysis of the role of football organisations at the Braunstone 220 football Project, 2002 – 2014 6.6 Analysis of the focus on young people in disadvantaged areas at the 224 Braunstone Football Project, 2002 - 2014 6.7 Analysis of the approach to project implementation at the 231 Braunstone football project 7.1. The timeline for the development of the Derby Hat Trick project 238 7.2 Analysis of the changes in the policy stream for the Derby Hat Trick 245 project, 2005-2014, using the Multiple Streams Framework. 7.3 Analysis of the changes in the problem stream for the Derby Hat 252 Trick project, 2005-2014, using the Multiple Streams Framework. 7.4 Analysis of the changes in the political stream for the Derby Hat 258 Trick project, 2005-2014, using the Multiple Streams Framework 7.5 Analysis of the role of football organisations at the Derby Hat trick 273 Project, 2006 – 2015 7.6 Analysis of the focus on young people in disadvantaged areas at the 277 Derby Hat Trick project, 2006 - 2015 7.7. Analysis of the approach to project implementation at the Derby Hat 282 Trick project 8.1 Table 8.1 Summary of the similarities and difference between the 290 three case studies 8.2 Table 8.2 Analysis of the relationship between the case studies and 308 policy changes 8.3 Table 8.3 The utility of the two selected macro-level theories for the 312 analysis of sport policy (Original table adapted from Houlihan and Lindsey, 2012) 8.4 Table 8.4 An assessment of the utility of multiple streams framework 314 8.5 Table 8.5 Utility of implementation theory for the research based on 317 Hogwood and Gunn’s top down implementation theory and Lipsky’s theory of bottom up implementation theory vii Abbreviations ACF Advocacy Coalition Framework ASB Anti-Social Behaviour ATP Astro-Turf Pitch BCA Braunstone Community Association BME Black Minority Ethnic FAB Fit and Active Braunstone FA Football Association FitC Football in the Communiy LCC Leicester City Council MSF Multiple Streams Framework MUGA Multi Use Games Area NACRO National Association for the Care and Resettlement of Offenders NDC National Deal for Communities programme NEET Young people who are Not in Education, Employment or Training NGB National Governing Body of Sport ODPM Office for the Deputy Prime Minister PCT Primary Care Trust SAZ Sport Action Zone SDO Sports Development Officer SEU Social Exclusion Unit SRU Sport Regeneration Unit UEFA The Union of European Football Associations WSP Whole Sport Plan YOT Youth Offending Team viii