Selected Proceedings from the Annual Conference of the Network of Asia-Pacific Schools and Institutes of Public Administration and Governance (NAPSIPAG) Edited by Raza Ahmad Beijing, People’s Republic of China 5–7 December 2005 China National School of Administration ii The Role of Public Administration in Building a Harmonious Society © 2006 Asian Development Bank, Network of Asia-Pacific Schools and Institutes of Public Administration and Governance All rights reserved. Published 2006. Printed in the Philippines. ISBN 978-971-561-616-4 Publication Stock No. 110506 The views expressed in this handbook are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent, and the Network of Asia-Pacific Schools and Institutes of Public Administration and Governance (NAPSIPAG). ADB and NAPSIPAG do not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accept no responsibility for any consequence of their use. Use of the term “country” does not imply any judgment by the authors, ADB, or NAPSIPAG as to the legal or other status of any territorial entity. NAPSIPAG Introduction iii Table of Contents Acknowledgments viii Introduction ix Introductory Papers 1 Democratization and State Capacity in East and Southeast Asia 3 IAN MARSH The Role of the Chinese Government in Building a Harmonious Society 19 BO GUILI Session 1 – Enlarging Citizen Participation and Increasing Autonomy of Local Government in Achieving Societal Harmony 25 On the Organizational Framework for Citizens’ Participation in the People’s Republic of China 27 CHU SONGYAN Qualitative Participation and Social Harmony: A Study of the Literacy Movement in West Bengal (India) 40 RABINDRANATH BHATTACHARYYA Enlarging Entrepreneurial Networks of Local Citizens in Backward Regions of India 57 AMITA SINGH Local Governance, Decentralization, and Participatory Planning in Indonesia: Seeking a New Path to a Harmonious Society 69 IDA WIDIANINGSIH Citizens’ Participation in Local Budgeting: The Case of Mongolia 90 BYAMBAYAR YADAMSUREN Relationship between the Size of Local Government and Citizen Participation in Sri Lanka 103 M. H. AJANTHA SISIRA KUMARA and WASANA S. HANDAPANGODA NAPSIPAG iv The Role of Public Administration in Building a Harmonious Society Local Government Structures for Strengthening Societal Harmony in Tanzania: Some Lessons for Reflection 123 MUJWAHUZI NJUNWA Session 2 - Public Administration Strategies that Help or Hinder Societal Harmony 137 Changing Relationship with Government: Contracts or Partnerships in the Delivery of Community Services 139 JO BAULDERSTONE Targeted Public Distribution System: Lessons from a Food Deficit State in India 161 JAYA S. ANAND Role of Public Administration in Facilitating Rural Telecommunications and ICT 171 REKHA JAIN Power, Public Administration, and Poverty: An Inquiry into the Rural Employment Program in India 196 BISWATOSH SAHA and RAM KUMAR KAKANI Combating Poverty and Exclusion in Nepal 221 TEK NATH DHAKAL The Quality of Public Sector Management and Economic Inequality 239 M. KHALID NADEEM KHAN and SYED ABU AHMAD AKIF Managing Diversity in the Philippines: Is Government Working Hard Enough to Provide Services in Equal Ways? 271 EDUARDO T. GONZALEZ Reducing Socioeconomic Inequality in Uzbekistan 307 ALISHER R. YUNUSOV Session 3 - Innovations in Governance and Public Service to Achieve a Harmonious Society 319 The Impact of Poor Governance on Foreign Direct Investment: The Bangladesh Experience 321 QUAMRUL ALAM, MOHAMMAD EMDAD ULLAH MIAN, and ROBERT F. I. SMITH NAPSIPAG Contents v E-governance in Bangladesh: A Scrutiny from the Citizens’ Perspective 346 SHAH MOHAMMAD SANAUL HOQUE Innovations in Governance and Service Delivery: E-government Experiments in Malaysia 366 NOORE ALAM SIDDIQUEE Innovative Tools in the Governance of Public Services and their Implementation in a Developing Country, Cambodia 385 CHHIV YISEANG and ISABELLE THOMAS Building a Harmonious Entrepreneurial Ecology: An Understanding Based on the Emerging Experience of the People’s Republic of China 398 LI GUOJUN Performance-based Budgeting in China: A Case Study of Guangdong 410 MEILI NIU, ALFRED HO, and JUN MA Role of E-governance in Tackling Corruption: The Indian Experience 434 R. D. PATHAK and R. S. PRASAD Innovations in Governance and Public Service: The Case of Andhra Pradesh State in India 464 SEETA MISHRA, R. K. MISHRA, and J. KIRINMAI The Proper Role of Government in Natural Resources Management in Indonesia 475 MULYADI SUMARTO Building a Performance-based Management System: Increasing the Impact of Community Engagement in Local Authorities 489 SUHAIMI SHAHNON Engaging Societies: Institutionalizing a Consultative Mechanism to Improve Governance 508 HASHIM YAACOB and NORMA MANSOR Institutional Change in Mongolia: Balancing Waves of Reform 515 TSEDEV DAMIRAN and RICHARD PRATT NAPSIPAG vi The Role of Public Administration in Building a Harmonious Society Session 4 - Constraints and Challenges Arising from Demographic Transitions/Imbalances 547 Labor Migration in the Kyrgyz Republic and Its Social and Economic Consequences 549 ROMAN MOGILEVSKY Constraints and Challenges Arising from Demographic Transitions and Imbalances: Pakistan at the Crossroads 555 AQILA KHAWAJA Session 5 - Conflict Resolution and Peace-Building Mechanisms for Public Administration 567 Problems of Democratic Consolidation in Bangladesh: A Cultural Explanation 569 TAIABUR RAHMAN Role of Alternative Dispute Resolution Methods in the Development of Society: Lok Adalat in India 589 ANURAG K. AGARWAL Using Q-methodology to Resolve Conflicts and Find Solutions to Contentious Policy Issues 601 DAN DURNING Session 6 - Health Care for the Poor in Asia 621 Health Care for the Poor in India with Special Reference to Punjab State 623 B.S. GHUMAN and AKSHAT MEHTA Health Care for the Poor and the Millennium Development Goals: A Case Study of Pakistan 634 SARFRAZ H. KHAWAJA Opportunities and Challenges in the Local Governance of Public Health 644 VICTORIA A. BAUTISTA Building the Public Health Emergency Management System of the People’s Republic of China 662 MENGZHONG ZHANG and JIANHUA ZHANG NAPSIPAG Contents vii Session 7 - Special Session on the Teaching of Public Administration and Policy 675 Innovations in Teaching Public Policy and Management: The Case of ANZSOG’s EMPA Program 677 DEIRDRE O’NEILL The Problem-based Learning Approach: Issues and Concerns 692 LUVISMIN SY-AVES Teaching Problem-based Data Analysis to Public Administration Students: A Reinforcement of Statistics 699 and Research Methods in the MPA Program ESTER L. RAAGAS Assessment Center Simulation as Problem-based Learning Tool for the MPA Program: A Field Study in Taipei,China 709 IRVING YI-FENG HUANG NAPSIPAG viii The Role of Public Administration in Building a Harmonious Society Acknowledgments Several members of the Asian Development Bank (ADB)’s senior management have actively supported the evolution of NAPSIPAG and the organization of this conference. In particular, mention should be made of Ms. Kathleen Moktan, Director, Capacity Development and Governance Division in the Regional and Sustainable Development Department (RSDD). It would be pertinent to note the contributions of Mr. Jak Jabes, the former Director, Capacity Development and Governance Division who oversaw the birth of this network and its nurturing until October 2005; Ms. Eden Santiago, who ably managed the secretariat functions at ADB until early 2006; and the officials of the China School of National Administration, led by Dr. Yuan Shuhong who made exceptional arrangements in Beijing for the success of this 2005 conference. Thanks are also due to Ms. Asha Newsum, former ADB staff for her inputs during the conference, and to Dr. Claudia Buentjen, Senior Capacity Development Specialist, ADB, for her useful advice on the role of networks in fostering capacity development. The assistance of workshop conveners and NAPSIPAG steering committee members comprising Dr. R.K. Mishra of the Institute of Public Enterprise, Osmania University, Hyderabad, as well as Dr. Alex Brillantes, and Dr. Joel Mangahas of the National College of Public Administration and Governance, University of the Philippines, must be acknowledged for carefully undertaking the first round of selecting the papers. Due to constraints of space and to maintain thematic harmony and maximum regional participation, we could not include all the papers submitted at the 2005 conference. However, we wish to extend our profound gratitude to the academicians and practitioners from the Asia and Pacific region, who provided invaluable contributions through their research papers and made the Annual Conference a success. The exclusion of several papers is by no means a comment on the quality of the papers that could not be included in this volume. Finally, the National Institute of Public Administration (INTAN), Malaysia and its Director, Dr. Hj. Malek Shah Bin Hj. Mohd Yusoff and Dr. Mohd Gazali Abas, Executive Director, NAPSIPAG must be profusely thanked for their valuable advice and support. A large measure of NAPSIPAG’s success is attributable to the leadership and human resources that INTAN has provided over the past year while managing the network’s secretariat. We would like to thank Mary Ann Asico and Aldwin Sutarez (from the ADB’s RSDD-Knowledge Management Center) for competently copyediting and managing the logistics of publishing this volume, respectively. ADB’s Department of External Relations provided continued support and advice in putting this volume together and steering it to the publishing stage. NAPSIPAG Introduction ix Introduction Globalization and the advancements in information and communication technology (ICT) during the 1980s and 1990s facilitated the growth in knowledge or learning networks.1 These networks have significantly contributed in creating and expanding knowledge-based economies and societies2 wherein performance culture and higher productivity are maintained through continuous build up, diffusion, and utilization of information and knowledge. Learning or knowledge networks are increasingly referred to in the innovation literature as “soft infrastructure” required to support innovation systems as opposed to “hard infrastructure” of traditional organizations/ enterprises.3 Effective networks bring about faster development of new ideas, products, and services and better optimization of research and development investment. They also maximize the knowledge potential of an organization/ enterprise as well as its responsiveness and adaptability. Further, knowledge networks provide development practitioners with access to cutting-edge advice and information in their respective fields and across sectors and disciplines. Typically these networks are established as a result of, or lead up to, a learning program or event although they can stand alone. Through the aid of information and communication technology, they bring together communities of practice in a wide range of subjects providing electronic discussions and websites to encourage research and disseminate best practices and lessons learned. 4 The success of knowledge networks depends on their development into a space for innovation, experimentation, and learning. These networks can boost the knowledge base, learning processes, and civil society actors’ capacity to generate and advocate proposals. Development practitioners claim that capacity development, institution building, advocacy, and societal change are unthinkable without considerable investment in improving networking and learning among relevant development actors. This is why development agencies invest in networking among their partners to enable civil society both globally and locally to play a strong role in shaping the ideas and knowledge that determine our future.5 In line with this thrust on networking, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) supported the creation of a regional network focusing on cross-learning and knowledge sharing. We elaborate on this in the following section. NAPSIPAG