The Riverside Mansions and Tombs of Agra: New Evidence from a Panoramic Scroll Recently Acquired by The British Library Ebba Koch and J. P. Losty Introduction The riverfront at Agra once formed one of the great sights of Mughal India. In addition to the great fort founded by the Emperor Akbar (r. 1556-1605) and the Taj Mahal (the tomb built for the Emperor Shah Jahan’s wife Mumtaz Mahal), both banks of the River Yamuna were lined with great mansions, palatial garden houses and imperial gardens. The Emperor Babur (r. 1526-30) had been the first to build a garden at Agra, nearly opposite the site of the Taj Mahal, and the others were laid out mostly in the time of the Emperors Jahangir (r.1605-27) and Shah Jahan (r.1628-58), who gave the land on the riverbanks to their sons and to the great nobles of the empire. Jahangir’s powerful Iranian wife Nur Jahan laid out the garden now known as the Ram Bagh and also converted the garden of her parents, I`timad al-Daula and his wife ‘Asmat Banu Begum, into the first of the great tombs in Agra itself. Apart from the emperor and the imperial women, all the men who built gardens or tombs on the river front were mansabdars (high-ranking officers of the court), whose numerical rank or mansab defined the status and income of its holder (see below for an explanation of the system). The houses of the princes and mansabdars lined the right bank up- and down-river from the fort, while the left bank was mostly devoted to imperial gardens. The riverfront scheme thus affords fascinating insights into imperial family connections, Mughal court society, its ethnicities, social conditions and property rights. Land could be bought, but the prestigious riverfront sites were granted to the nobles by the emperor and could be reclaimed after their death. The best way for a Mughal mansabdar to ensure that his mansion or land was not reclaimed was to build his tomb on it, when it became inviolable. Several of the garden houses were therefore converted into tomb gardens. After Shah Jahan moved the capital to Delhi in 1648, Agra declined and its gardens and buildings became of less importance to the emperor, so that most of those houses and gardens remaining are still generally known by their last Shahjahani owner. Apart from the Taj Mahal and the fort, only the gardens and tombs of the upper left bank of the river round the tomb of I`timad al-Daula survive today in anything like the state in which their former splendour can be appreciated. The city was repeatedly sacked in the eighteenth century by Afghan invaders as well as more local marauders in the form of Jats, Rohillas and Marathas, until it came into the possession of the East India Company in 1803. A thorough study of the riverfront at Agra was made by Ebba Koch in her book on the Taj Mahal.1 Apart from what survives on site, she relied on various pieces of evidence for her reconstruction of the riverbank scene. A map of Agra in the Jaipur City Palace Museum made in the eighteenth century shows the whole riverside on both banks lined with gardens and palaces from north of the city wall down round the great bend in the Yamuna to the Taj Mahal itself.2 The map 1 E. Koch, The Complete Taj Mahal (London, 2006), pp. 23-81. 2 I bid., fig. 17. The River Yamuna flows north-south past the fort before turning to flow eastwards past the Taj Mahal. 1 eBLJ 2017, Article 9 The Riverside Mansions and Tombs of Agra: New Evidence from a Panoramic Scroll Recently Acquired by The British Library depicts buildings in the traditional Indian way: structural elevations placed within plans of their gardens. Hindi inscriptions, often corrupt, help to identify them. Other pieces of evidence include damaged fragments of an early nineteenth-century scroll in the Taj Museum in Agra showing the elevations of buildings from the river.3 Some key pieces of evidence are already in the British Library. These include the notebooks of Florentia Sale, who was in Agra 1831- 35 and recorded her impressions of the monuments along with postcard-sized drawings of them by Agra artists.4 Sale was later to find fame as the indomitable female prisoner of the Afghans in the First Afghan War. Her journal has several drawings of the rarely depicted lesser monuments, including some of the ruinous riverside palaces. Some of these are numbered suggesting that once all the monuments of the riverside were included in sets of such drawings.5 Another relevant account is a description of the monuments of Agra by Lal Sil Chand in his Tafrih al-‘Imarat written for James Lushington, Magistrate at Agra 1825-26, while another copy of this text was prepared for James Davidson, Sessions Judge at Agra 1836-37.6 It must be stressed, however, that Agra had not been an imperial residence for nearly two centuries and that much of what survived in the nineteenth century as local knowledge was inaccurate. New Evidence: The ‘Agra Scroll’ Or. 16805 A recent addition to the British Library’s collections is of crucial importance in recreating the appearance of what had been one of the great imperial cities of the world as it appeared in the early nineteenth century (figs 1-2).7 It is in the form of a painted and inscribed scroll showing the elevations of all the buildings along both sides of the river as it flows through the whole length of the city. The scroll consists of eight pieces of English wove paper glued together to form a continuous whole and backed with linen. It is secured at one end to a wooden roller with large circular end-pieces and secured at the other end to a wooden bar. Both bar and end-pieces are decorated with pseudo-Mughal carved motifs. A thin sheet of goatskin secured to the bar wraps around the whole. The length of the scroll is 763 cm and the width 32 cm. The scroll is drawn in a way consistent with the development of Indian topographical mapping. The river is simply a blank straight path in the middle of the scroll, its great bend totally ignored, while the buildings and gardens on either side are rendered in elevation strung out along a straight base line. Buildings and inscriptions on each side of the river are therefore upside down compared to those on the opposite side. In this it conforms to the plans of Chandni Chowk and the Faiz Bazaar in Delhi prepared for Colonel Jean-Baptiste Gentil in 1774 and now in the Victoria and Albert Museum, London.8 The way the buildings are drawn in simple elevation without any attempt at perspective or ‘picturesqueness’ recalls the many sets of postcard-size views of the Agra monuments produced in the 1820s and 1830s for interested tourists.9 The fragments showing the riverside buildings in the Taj Museum must once have been part of such a scroll. 3 Ibid., figs 72 and 73. 4 BL, MSS. Eur B360. Her husband Col. Robert Sale was Commandant at Agra 1831-35. 5 Sale’s numbers and the numbers on the new scroll discussed herein do not unfortunately coincide. 6 BL, Or. 6371; see N. M. Titley, Miniatures from Persian Manuscripts: a Catalogue and Subject Index (London, 1977), no. 253, and BL, IO Isl 2450, see M. Archer, Company Drawings in the India Office Library (London, 1972), no. 157. 7 It appeared at a country auction in England unfortunately without a provenance linking it to any family whose ancestors were in India in the early nineteenth century. 8 V &A, AL 1762-1763, published by J.-M. and R. Lafont, The French & Delhi: Agra, Aligarh and Sardhana (New Delhi, 2010), figs 28 and 30. 9 F or those in the BL, see Archer, Company Drawings, nos 150-60, and in the V&A, see M. Archer, Company Paintings: Indian Paintings of the British Period (London, 1992), nos 117-24. 2 eBLJ 2017, Article 9 The Riverside Mansions and Tombs of Agra: New Evidence from a Panoramic Scroll Recently Acquired by The British Library y, ar br Li h s Briti m. c 2 3 x 3 per, 76 etail 2. a d n p 05, o 8 d ink Or. 16 an y, our brar ol Li Waterc British 30: 0. 8 3 1 8 Agra, c. Agra, c. 1 gs. gs. n n di di uil uil b b nt nt e e c c a a dj dj a a e river and its he river and its art of th part of t p n hern uther ort so or n m or p o to ott e b ng th g the owi win h o s h Scroll croll s 1. The Agra 6805, detail 1. 2. The Agra S Fig. Or. 1 Fig. 3 eBLJ 2017, Article 9 The Riverside Mansions and Tombs of Agra: New Evidence from a Panoramic Scroll Recently Acquired by The British Library Inscriptions in English and Urdu are written above each building, two of which enable the scroll to be approximately dated. One piece of evidence is the reference to ‘Major Taylor’s garden’ near the Taj Mahal. This is Joseph Taylor of the Bengal Engineers who worked at Agra from 1809 with George Steell, the Executive Engineer, serving in that post himself 1821-25, and despite occasional forays into theatres of war and a five year period in Bengal 1825-30, remained in Agra until his death in 1835. He was promoted to Major in 1827 and to Lieutenant Colonel in 1831.10 He is referred to in Florentia Sale’s journal of 1831-35, who records that Colonel Taylor and his family had lived in the imperial apartments in the fort (this was no longer allowed by 1831) and also had fitted up a suite of rooms at the Taj Mahal between the mihman khana (the assembly hall for imperial visits on the east side of the tomb itself) and the adjacent river tower.11 This evidence of dating of the scroll between 1827 and 1831 is unfortunately contradicted by the absence of the Great Gun of Agra on the riverbank north of the fort. This was a vast piece of ordnance that lived in the fort, but some time after the British takeover in 1803 was dragged round to the riverbank north of the fort with a view to shipping it down to Calcutta. The project was abandoned, but the gun was depicted in all panoramic views of the fort from the river, until it was blown up for its scrap value in 1833.12 It would seem probable that either Taylor or Sale was the commissioner of this scroll. The handwriting, in both Urdu and English, is almost certainly the work of an Indian clerk, although interestingly the use of Urdu shows certain Anglicisms;13 no doubt the clerk was simply transcribing notes written by the scroll’s commissioner. The scroll’s dating then would be 1833- 35 (when the Sales left Agra) if the absence of the gun is the key point, but 1827-31 if the reference to Major rather than Colonel Taylor is to be relied upon. At the moment it seems best to date it 1827-35. It must be stressed, however, that the artist was not necessarily sketching all the monuments afresh, but could rather as with most Indian artists be relying on earlier versions of the same subject for some of them. A key discrepancy for instance arises in Ja`far Khan’s tomb, which is much better preserved in the scroll than in Florentia Sale’s drawing in her notebook (compare figs 5 and 6). The scroll has two numbering systems for each of the banks of the Yamuna. The right bank numbering begins beyond the northern city wall and follows the river down past the fort and the Taj Mahal. The numbering system for the left bank begins opposite the Taj Mahal and follows the river upstream. The monuments and gardens are named in English and Urdu. In what follows, the English inscription is given first, then the transliterated Urdu title and description, and finally a translation of the latter.14 The inscriptions refer first to the contemporary name of the building, then to which prince or mansabdar built or owned it, and also often in whose reign this happened. The mansabdars are given their Mughal numerical ranking, which defined the status and income of its holder.15 This is normally codified in a form such as 5000/3000. The first number refers to the zat or personal pay of the rank holder and indicates his comparative status, while the second refers to the sawar or the size of contingent of soldiers he had to provide 10 For his service record, see BL, IOR L/MIL/10/21, ff. 139-43. 11 BL, MSS. Eur B360(a), after no. 3 and again opp. no. 28. 12 See J.P. Losty, ‘The Great Gun at Agra’, British Library Journal, xv (1989), pp. 35-58, for an account of this gun and its destruction. For views of the fort with the gun beside it, see pl. I and fig. 3 therein, also J. P. Losty, ‘Architectural Drawings by Agra Draughtsmen’ in Francesca Galloway, Imperial Past: India 1600-1800 (London, 2011), pp. 2-55, no.14. 13 To cite Dr Stephan Popp of the Institute of Iranian Studies, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna: ‘The inscriptions do not distinguish yet between final ī (feminine ending) and final e (masculine plural ending). It is striking that the nobles and emperors are all mentioned in singular instead of respectful plural. The Persian relative construction with ‘ki’ instead of Urdu ‘jo’ is also striking. I consider the regular position of genitives after the possessed, poetic in Urdu, in these very prosaic, short and purely informative texts, to be an Anglicism.’ Personal communication of 20 October 2011. 14 The authors are indebted to Dr Stephan Popp for his assistance with the Urdu inscriptions. 15 See Koch, The Complete Taj Mahal, pp. 27-8 for a more complete explanation of the system. 4 eBLJ 2017, Article 9 The Riverside Mansions and Tombs of Agra: New Evidence from a Panoramic Scroll Recently Acquired by The British Library and the amount of pay sanctioned to cover the cost of their maintenance. Most mansabdars obtained payment in the form of land tax from their jagirs or assigned lands, which however did not carry with it any administrative duties or responsibilities for these areas. The mansabdari system included also the sons of the emperor who had to earn their ranks in this meritocracy. By the time of Jahangir the dominant ethnic group of the Mughal ruling elite came from Iran, with the highest positions being held by the family of Jahangir’s wife Nur Jahan. The dense interrelationships that united family and power are reflected in the placement of their houses and gardens in riverfront Agra. Detailed Description of the Scroll The Right or West Bank Fig. 3. The Village of Kilwas The scroll begins with the unnumbered village of Kilwas outside the old city walls, a village which has long since disappeared within the expanded city. No. 1 Juswant Singh’s Tomb. Chhatrī-yi Rāja Jasvant Singh. Rāja Jasvant Singh Jodhpūrvāle ne Shāhjahān Pādshāh ke ʿahd mēṅ taʿmīr kiyā. ‘The chhattri of Raja Jasvant Singh. Raja Jasvant Singh of Jodhpur in the age of Emperor Shah Jahan constructed (it).’ The first construction of note is a chhatri (or memorial kiosk) rather than a tomb of the Rajput Jasvant Singh Rathor, Raja of Jodhpur (r. 1638-78), since like all Hindus he was cremated and his ashes conveyed to one of the holy rivers of India. As he died in Kabul, his chhatri cannot represent the actual site of his cremation. It is a square light-yellowish sandstone pavilion or baradari with three pseudo-arched jalis per side under a heavy chhajja (eave) and cornice, set in a walled enclosure with octagonal corner turrets surmounted by domed chhatris (here meaning kiosks). Three gateways lead down to the river. Only the chhatri itself and the river wall survive.16 Jasvant Singh was one of the leading Mughal generals under both Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb, but his wavering between sides in the fratricidal war of 1657-58 meant that the eventual victor Aurangzeb never trusted him.17 He was intimately related to the Mughals through the marriage of his great-aunt Jagat Gosain or Manmati to Jahangir (Shah Jahan was her son) and through subsequent marriages of Rathor princesses to various Mughal princes. 16 Koch, The Complete Taj Mahal, figs 99-100.39 17 S ee Shahnawaz Khan and ‘Abd al-Hayy, The Maathir-ul-Umara, trans. H. Beveridge, rev. Baini Prashad (Calcutta, 1911-52), vol. i, pp. 754-6, for his career. 5 eBLJ 2017, Article 9 The Riverside Mansions and Tombs of Agra: New Evidence from a Panoramic Scroll Recently Acquired by The British Library Fig. 4. No. 2 Muneeja Begum’s Garden. Bāghicha-yi Munejā Begam. Munejā Bēgam ne Shāhjahān Pādshāh kē ʿahd meṅ banvāyā. ‘The garden of Lady Manija. Lady Manija had it built in the age of Emperor Shah Jahan.’ Nothing has survived of the old structures or gardens between Jasvant Singh’s chhatri and the tomb of Ja`far Khan (no. 5) and they are not represented on the Jaipur map, so that the information on nos 2-4 in the scroll is completely new. Manija’s garden and that of her brother next door (no. 3) introduce in the scroll the typical river frontage of these gardens: an embankment wall often structured with arcades on which are placed individual pavilions, here ruined, terminates at each end in an octagonal turret, while similar walls and turrets originally surrounded the entire complex. Manija was sister to Nur Jahan and Asaf Khan, Jahangir’s chief minister, and hence aunt to Mumtaz Mahal. She was married to Qasim Khan Juwaini who was nicknamed ‘Manija’ himself on account of his wife. He was governor of Agra when Jahangir died but was received graciously by Shah Jahan and appointed to be governor of Bengal. Shah Jahan thought the Portuguese established in the Bengali riverside port of Hugli were overreaching themselves and determined on their destruction. Qasim Khan organized the attack and capture of Hugli from the Portuguese in 1632 but died a few days afterwards.18 No. 3 Itikad Khan’s Garden. Bāgh-i Navāb Iʿtiqād Khān. Navāb Iʿtiqād Khān ne ki manṣabdār-i panj-hazārī thā Shāhjahān ke ʿahd meṅ banvāyā. ‘The garden of Nawab Iʿtiqād Khan. Nawab Iʿtiqād Khān, who held the rank (mansab) of five thousand, had (it) built in the age of Shah Jahan.’ I`tiqad Khan (d. 1650) was the brother of Asaf Khan, Nur Jahan and Manija Begum. His garden and that of his sister next door (No. 2) have very similar arcaded and turreted river frontages. The inscription is over a garden that seems to contain a ruined tomb rather than a mansion, but another attached garden separated by a gully intervenes between his land and that of his sister, which might have been his garden-house. All trace of the three gardens has disappeared. I`tiqad Khan held high rank in the reigns of both Jahangir and Shah Jahan, being governor successively of Kashmir, Bihar, Bengal and Awadh. According to Shahnawaz Khan, he was renowned for his good taste and was one of the first three nobles of Jahangir to build a mansion in Agra: his was visited by Jahangir in September 1614.19 It was also later much admired, so much so that he felt obliged to present it to Shah Jahan, who awarded it in 1643 18 S hahnawaz Khan, vol. ii, pp. 498-9. 19 Jahangir, The Jahangirnama: Memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India, trans., ed. and annotated by W. M. Thackston (New York, 1999), p. 149 6 eBLJ 2017, Article 9 The Riverside Mansions and Tombs of Agra: New Evidence from a Panoramic Scroll Recently Acquired by The British Library to the Persian noble ‘Ali Mardan Khan, the governor of Qandahar after he had deserted to the Mughal court.20 No. 4 The lesser Garden. Bāghicha-yi kacchī. Shāmil arāżī-yi bāgh-i Navāb Iʿtiqād Khān kī mabnī / baťťī (?). ‘The unbuilt garden. Includes the grounds of the building / path (?) of Iʿtiqād Khan’s Garden.’ The precise meaning of the inscription is not quite clear, but the garden is obviously another part of I`tiqad Khan’s complex without any constructions. It seems to have a gate on the south side. Fig. 5. No. 5 Jafur Khan’s Tomb. Rauża-yi Navāb Jaʿfar Khān. Navāb Jaʿfar Khān ne ki manṣabdār-i pādshāhī thā ʿĀlamgīr ke ʿahd meṅ banvāyā. ‘The mausoleum of Nawab Jaʿfar Khan. Nawab Jaʿfar Khan, who was an imperial official (mansabdar), had (it) built in the age of ʿAlamgīr (i.e. Aurangzeb).’ This concentration of the upper right bank of the Yamuna on structures connected with the family of Nur Jahan continues with the next tomb, that of her nephew Ja`far Khan, which is here revealed for the first time as a double-storeyed structure. The square tomb chamber is surrounded by a veranda with seven arches on each side ending in engaged corner turrets and surmounted by a smaller square upper chamber with five blind arches on each side, while chhatris can be seen on each of the four corner turrets. What must have been a riverside wall had already gone, but in each corner of the compound there remained the four octagonal double-storeyed sandstone towers crowned by chhatris. The form of the tomb is essentially an early seventeenth century type of construction and it greatly resembles the tomb of Ja`far Khan’s grandfather I`timad al-Daula (No. 7 on the left bank), with its two storeys, its attached corner turrets and its flanking towers on the river defining the boundaries. Ja`far Khan (d. 1670) was the son of another of Nur Jahan’s sisters and was married to his cousin Farzana Begum, the sister of Mumtaz Mahal. He was thus the son-in-law as well as the nephew of Asaf Khan and also Shah Jahan’s brother-in-law, and he rose to high office under that emperor and his successor Aurangzeb (r. 1658-1707) holding a mansab of 6000/6000.21 He held various governorships as well as being made vizier to both emperors. For his haveli (mansion) see No. 12 (right bank) below. 20 S hahnawaz Khan, vol. i, pp. 714-15. 21 I bid., vol. i, pp. 722-3. 7 eBLJ 2017, Article 9 The Riverside Mansions and Tombs of Agra: New Evidence from a Panoramic Scroll Recently Acquired by The British Library Fig. 6. Rosa Nawaub Jaffer Khan. From the notebook of Florentia Sale. 1831-35. BL Mss Eur B360(a), No. 43. A drawing in Florentia Sale’s notebook shows Ja`far Khan’s tomb with its engaged corner turrets almost completely ruined and lacking the upper story, which is the way it has remained (fig. 6).22 This was presumably the state of the tomb in Sale’s time in Agra 1831-35, so the artist of our scroll must have been relying on an earlier image for his rendition of a more intact structure. No. 6 Hakim’s Garden. Bāgh-i Ḥakīm. Ḥakīm Muḥammad ʿAẓīm Khān ne Shāhjahān ke ʿahd meṅ banvāyā. ‘Hakim’s garden. Hakim Muhammad ʿAzim Khan had (it) built in the age of Shah Jahan.’ This garden was popularly known as the garden of Hakim Kasim ‘Ali in the early nineteenth century but who this new owner, Muhammad ‘Azim Khan, may be is still unknown. Hakims were physicians and were often greatly favoured at court in the Mughal period. Together with the neighbouring garden downriver of Rai Shiv Das (No. 7) it was a popular recreation place in the eighteenth century for the people of Agra. Both gardens were built over later.23 22 Koch, The Complete Taj Mahal, figs 96-8. 23 Ibid., pp. 76-7. 8 eBLJ 2017, Article 9 The Riverside Mansions and Tombs of Agra: New Evidence from a Panoramic Scroll Recently Acquired by The British Library Fig. 7. No. 7 Rai Sheo Dass’ Garden. Bagh-i Rāy Shīvdās. Rāy Shīvdās ne ki ṣūbadār Akbarābād kā thā Muḥammad Shāh ke ʿahd meṅ taʿmīr kiyā. ‘The garden of Rai Shivdās. Rai Shivdās, who was province governor (subadar) of Akbarabad (i.e. Agra), in the age of Muhammad Shah, constructed (it).’ Rai Shiv Das or Sheo Das was deputy governor of Agra when Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh of Jaipur was subadar or governor of the province from 1722, during the reign of Muhammad Shah (r. 1719- 48). This and the neighbouring Hakim’s garden were favourite recreational grounds for the people of Agra in later times. Nothing now survives of either garden. The scroll shows for the first time a substantial walled compound between octagonal towers with an unusually high wall facing the river. As if to compensate for excluding the view, in the centre of the wall is a wide corbelled out balcony in the shape known as bangla after the curving roofs of Bengali architecture, echoing the two such pavilions in the Khass Mahal in the Agra Fort (No. 21 right bank). The form of the multi-columned bangla is more typical of Jaipur architecture (which drew from Mughal architecture) than its original Mughal expression, as is the smaller balcony immediately above it and which was no doubt accessed by a high walkway or open roof terrace behind the wall, so that the garden must have been laid out by Rai Shiv Das or his royal master over what remained of an earlier garden, as was the case with no. 6 above. No. 8 Khuleel Khan’s House. Bāgh-i Khalīl Khān. Khalīl Khān ne ki baŕā rafīq aur khair-khwāh ʿĀlamgīr kā thā banvāyā. ‘The garden of Khalil Khan. Khalil Khan, who was a great companion and supporter of ʿAlamgir (Aurangzeb), had it built.’ The inscriptions here unfortunately add nothing to what was already known of this structure from other sources, other than that the Khalil Khan in question lived in the time of Aurangzeb. No one of this name is of sufficient importance to make it into Shahnawaz Khan’s great biographical dictionary of the Mughal nobility, so it is very possible that in fact Khalilallah Khan is meant (d. 1662).24 He rose through the ranks in the 1630s and 1640s and played an important part in Shah Jahan’s abortive attempt to capture Balkh. His being granted a riverside plot at Agra implies extraordinary influence on Shah Jahan, which may be explained by his wife’s relations with the emperor. According to Niccolo Manucci, an Italian visitor to the Mughal court, Shah Jahan became a notorious womanizer after Mumtaz’s death and in particular had two favourite mistresses, the wives of Ja’far Khan (see no. 5 above) and Khalilallah Khan.25 He was made governor of Delhi and eventually sided with 24 S hahnawaz Khan, vol. i, pp. 767-70. A portrait of the Khan in the British Library, Add.Or.5698 (see J .P. Losty and M. Roy, Mughal India: Art, Culture and Empire – Manuscripts and Paintings in the British Library (London, 2012), fig. 92), is also inscribed, admittedly in a late hand, as Nawab Khalil Khan as well as Khalilallah Khan. 25 Niccolao, Manucci, Storia do Mogor, trans. W. Irvine (London, 1889), vol. i, pp. 186-7. 9 eBLJ 2017, Article 9 The Riverside Mansions and Tombs of Agra: New Evidence from a Panoramic Scroll Recently Acquired by The British Library Aurangzeb in the 1657-58 wars, chasing down Dara Shikoh as far as Multan. He was rewarded with the governorship of the Punjab in 1658 but died four years later. His house must have become semi-ruinous as attested by the decapitated Mughal corner towers of the compound, but seems to have been partly taken over by a British officer to judge by the rectangular windows with shutters. Nothing now remains of it. Fig. 8. No. 9 Raj Ghat. Rāj Ghāť. Maraťhōṅ ne dharamsāla banvāya thā jab se Rāj Ghāť mashhūr huā. ‘Raj Ghat. The Marathas had built the hospice (for Hindu pilgrims), from then it became known as Raj Ghat (royal bathing steps).’ The pilgrim hostel seen behind the trees that line the bank looks rather like a large Mughal tomb with a central dome and four corner domes, but tombs uncared for by the occupants’ descendants often were lived in and the Marathas may have adapted it. The tomb may be that now locally known as the ‘tomb of Mir Jumla’. On the Jaipur map it is shown in the position of the tomb of Shayista Khan. No. 10 Wazeer Khan’s House. Ḥavelī-yi Vazīr Khān. Vazīr Khān ne ki ʿĀlamgīr ke ʿahd meṅ panjhazārī manṣabdār thā banvāyā. ‘The haveli of Wazir Khān. Wazir Khan, who was a mansabdar of five thousand in the age of ‘Alamgir, had it built.’ This seems not to be the haveli or mansion of Hakim ‘Alim al-Din with the title of Wazir Khan, as had previously been thought.26 He was a great supporter of Shah Jahan as a prince, but died in 1641. Another officer with the title Wazir Khan, who also held the rank 5000 in the reign of Aurangzeb, was Muhammad Tahir Khurasani. He was a loyal supporter of Shah Jahan’s son Aurangzeb when a prince and after that monarch’s accession in 1658 was given the title of Wazir Khan. He was governor for a time of Khandesh and then of Agra (1660-63), when he may have built this house. He was then made governor of Malwa and promoted to the rank of 5000 zat, and 5000 sawar He is recorded as laying out a garden in the centre of Aurangabad where he died in 1672.27 Our artist shows a ruined large construction near the river and a better preserved house further back behind the trees to the south, which may be more modern. 26 F or this and the previous tomb, see Koch, The Complete Taj Mahal, pp. 75-6 and fig. 95. The Jaipur map followed there shows this and the next (no. 11) the other way round. 27 S hahnawaz Khan, vol. ii, pp. 987-9. 10 eBLJ 2017, Article 9