ABHANDLUNGEN FÜR DIE KUNDE DES MORGENLANDES Band 98 Ali Ahmad Hussein The Rhetorical Fabric - of the Traditional Arabic Qasıda . in Its Formative Stages A Comparative Study of the Rhetoric in Two Traditional Poems - by ʿAlqama l-Fah.l and Bashshar b. Burd Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft Harrassowitz Verlag © 2015, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10467-8 ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19039-8 HHuusssseeiinn AAKKMM..iinndddd AAbbss1111 2277..0077..22001155 1155::2211::0055 ABHANDLUNGEN FÜR DIE KUNDE DES MORGENLANDES Im Auftrag der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft herausgegeben von Florian C. Reiter Band 98 Board of Advisers: Christian Bauer (Berlin) Desmond Durkin-Meisterernst (Berlin) Lutz Edzard (Oslo/Erlangen) Jürgen Hanneder (Marburg) Herrmann Jungraithmayr (Marburg) Karénina Kollmar-Paulenz (Bern) Jens Peter Laut (Göttingen) Joachim Friedrich Quack (Heidelberg) Michael Streck (Leipzig) 2015 . Harrassowitz Verlag Wiesbaden © 2015, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10467-8 ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19039-8 HHuusssseeiinn AAKKMM..iinndddd AAbbss1122 2277..0077..22001155 1155::2211::1177 Ali Ahmad Hussein The Rhetorical Fabric of the Traditional Arabic Qaṣīda in Its Formative Stages A Comparative Study of the Rhetoric in Two Traditional Poems by ʿAlqama l-Faḥl and Bashshār b. Burd 2015 . Harrassowitz Verlag Wiesbaden © 2015, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10467-8 ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19039-8 HHuusssseeiinn AAKKMM..iinndddd AAbbss1133 2277..0077..22001155 1155::2211::1177 Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.dnb.de abrufbar. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. For further information about our publishing program consult our website http://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de © Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft 2015 This work, including all of its parts, is protected by copyright. Any use beyond the limits of copyright law without the permission of the publisher is forbidden and subject to penalty. This applies particularly to reproductions, translations, microfilms and storage and processing in electronic systems. Printed on permanent/durable paper. Printing and binding: A Hubert & Co., Göttingen Printed in Germany ISSN 0567-4980 ISBN 978-3-447-10467-8 e-ISBN 978-3-447-19039-8 © 2015, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10467-8 ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19039-8 HHuusssseeiinn AAKKMM..iinndddd AAbbss1144 2277..0077..22001155 1155::2211::1177 This book is dedicated to Dima, my beloved wife, and Aniel, my lovely son; and to the twins whom I will, hopefully, see in October 2015 It is also dedicated to my father, Ahmad, my mother, Afifa; to my brother, Rushdi and to the memory of my late brother, Nihad; and lastly to my sweet sisters, Hanin, Ula, Asala and Hiba © 2015, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10467-8 ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19039-8 © 2015, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10467-8 ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19039-8 CONTENTS FOREWORD ............................................................................................... xi I. THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE BADˆfi IN CLASSICAL ARABIC CRITICISM ................................................... 1 1. Rhetoric in Pre-Islamic Times .............................................................. 9 2. How did Old Critics Study Rhetoric? ................................................... 11 Text 1 [Qur√0n 1:5] ............................................................................... 13 Text 2 [Qur√0n 2:7] ............................................................................... 17 Text 3 [Qur√0n 3:90] ............................................................................. 20 Text 4 [Qur√0n 2:17] ............................................................................. 22 II. MODERN THEORIES ON THE BADˆfi STYLE ................................ 28 1. Approaches in Modern Research to Interpret Literary Texts Rhetorically............................................................................................. 37 III. TERMINOLOGY ................................................................................ 42 1. Metonymy (kin(cid:4)ya) ................................................................................ 42 2. Simile (tashbıh) ...................................................................................... 47 3. Analogy Based on Simile (tashbıh tamthılı) ........................................... 49 4. Metaphor (istifi(cid:4)ra) ................................................................................. 50 5. Analogy Based on Metaphor (istifi(cid:4)ra tamthıliyya) ................................ 53 6. Paronomasia/Punning (tajnıs) ................................................................. 54 7. Antithesis (†ib(cid:4)q, mu†(cid:4)baqa) .................................................................. 56 8. Multiple Contrast and Other Types of Muq(cid:4)bala .................................. 57 9. Plok˙/Echo (radd al-fiajuz fial(cid:4) ß-ßadr / taßdır) ..................................... 58 10. Repetition (takr(cid:4)r and muj(cid:4)wara/tardıd) ............................................. 58 11. Redirection (iltif(cid:4)t) ............................................................................... 59 IV. fiALQAMA'S POEM: TRANSLATION AND COMMENTARY ON THE RHETORIC .................................................................................. 60 1. fiAlqama l-Fa˛l ....................................................................................... 60 2. fiAlqama's Poem: Translation and Commentary ..................................... 65 The Love Affair (nasıb) ........................................................................ 66 The Camel Section ................................................................................ 79 The Gnomic Theme .............................................................................. 93 Self Praise ............................................................................................. 102 © 2015, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10467-8 ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19039-8 viii Contents V. BASHSH◊R'S POEM: TRANSLATION AND COMMENTARY ON THE RHETORIC .................................................................................. 122 1. Bashsh0r b. Burd .................................................................................... 122 2. Bashsh0r's Poem: Translation and Commentary .................................... 128 The Love Affair (nasıb) ........................................................................ 128 The Camel Section ................................................................................ 143 The Praise ............................................................................................. 153 VI. THE LITERARY IMAGES IN THE TWO POEMS ........................... 175 1. Metonymy ............................................................................................. 176 Simple Metonymies in fiAlqama ........................................................... 177 Family-Metonymies in fiAlqama ........................................................... 181 Artistic Metonymies in fiAlqama .......................................................... 181 Object Metonymies in fiAlqama ............................................................ 183 Simple Metonymies in Bashsh0r........................................................... 185 Family-Metonymies in Bashsh0r .......................................................... 187 Artistic Metonymies in Bashsh0r .......................................................... 187 Object Metonymies in Bashsh0r .......................................................... 189 Conclusions Concerning the Metonymy ............................................... 191 2. Simile .................................................................................................... 194 Similes in fiAlqama ............................................................................... 195 Similes in Bashsh0r ............................................................................... 199 Conclusions Concerning the Simile ...................................................... 202 What does the simile express? .............................................................. 203 Special structures of the similes ........................................................... 206 Concealing the tenor ............................................................................. 207 The verb simile ..................................................................................... 207 The similarity appears in the tenor and vehicle .................................... 208 The extended vehicle simile .................................................................. 208 The genitive simile ................................................................................ 209 3. Metaphor ............................................................................................... 209 Metaphors in fiAlqama .......................................................................... 210 Metaphors in Bashsh0r .......................................................................... 213 Conclusions Concerning the Metaphor ................................................. 218 The nature of the similes behind the metaphors in both poems ............ 218 4. Analogy ................................................................................................. 221 Analogies in fiAlqama ........................................................................... 221 Analogies in Bashsh0r........................................................................... 222 Conclusions Concerning the Analogy ................................................... 225 5. Loose Trope (Synecdoche) ................................................................... 228 Loose Tropes in fiAlqama ..................................................................... 229 © 2015, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10467-8 ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19039-8 Contents ix Loose Tropes in Bashsh0r ..................................................................... 230 Conclusions Concerning the Loose Trope ............................................ 231 VII.BEAUTIFYING THE SENSE AND EMBELLISHING THE SOUND............................................................................................... 234 1. Antithesis, Multiple Contrast and Multiple Balance ............................. 234 Antitheses in the Two Poems ................................................................ 235 Multiple Contrasts and Multiple Balance in the Two Poems ................ 239 2. Punning and Other Marginal Rhetorical Figures ................................. 243 Paronomasia/Punning ........................................................................... 243 Derivation (ishtiq(cid:4)q) and Repetition (tardıd) ........................................ 244 Echo (radd al-fiajuz fial(cid:4) ß-ßadr) ........................................................... 249 Double Rhyme (luzüm m(cid:4) l(cid:4) yalzam) ................................................... 251 VIII. CONCLUSIONS: THE RHETORICAL FABRIC IN THE TWO POEMS............................................................................................. 252 1. Mapping the Rhetorical Figures in the Two Poems................................ 252 Metonymy ............................................................................................. 256 Simile .................................................................................................... 256 Metaphor ............................................................................................... 257 Analogy ................................................................................................. 258 Loose Trope .......................................................................................... 259 Antithesis and muq(cid:4)bala ....................................................................... 259 Pun/Paronomasia .................................................................................. 260 2. Rhetorical Usages According to the Themes .......................................... 260 3. The Credibility of Ibn al-Mufitazz' theory on the badıfi .......................... 264 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................................... 267 INDEX........................................................................................................ 283 © 2015, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10467-8 ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19039-8