The Rehnquist Court ABC-CLIO SUPREME COURT HANDBOOKS The Burger Court,Tinsley E. Yarbrough The Chase Court,Jonathan Lurie The Fuller Court,James W. Ely Jr. The Hughes Court,Michael E. Parrish The Rehnquist Court, Thomas R. Hensley The Stone Court,Peter G. Renstrom The Taft Court,Peter G. Renstrom The Taney Court,Timothy S. Huebner The Vinson Court,Michal R. Belknap The Waite Court,Donald Grier Stephenson Jr. The Warren Court, Melvin I. Urofsky The White Court,Rebecca S. Shoemaker Forthcoming: The Jay/Ellsworth Court,Matthew P. Harrington The Marshall Court,Robert L. Clinton Peter G. Renstrom, Series Editor ABC-CLIO SUPREME COURT HANDBOOKS The Rehnquist Court Justices, Rulings, and Legacy Thomas R. Hensley With Kathleen Hale Auburn University Carl Snook Michigan State University ABC-CLIO Santa Barbara, California • Denver, Colorado • Oxford, England Copyright © 2006 by ABC-CLIO All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechani- cal, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quota- tions in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hensley, Thomas R. The Rehnquist court : justices, rulings, and legacy / Thomas R. Hensley with Kathleen Hale, Carl Snook. p. cm. — (ABC-CLIO Supreme Court handbooks) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-57607-200-2 (hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 1-57607-560-5 (ebook) 1. United States. Supreme Court—History. 2. Rehnquist, William H., 1924-2005. 3. Constitutional history—United States. 4. Conservatism—United States. I. Hale, Kathleen. II. Snook, Carl. III. Title. IV. Series. KF8742.H46 2006 347.73'26—dc22 2006011011 09 08 07 06 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an e-book. Visit http://www.abc-clio.com for details. ABC-CLIO, Inc. 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116–1911 This book is printed on acid-free paper ∞∞ . Manufactured in the United States of America To my parents, Earl and Ada Hensley, and my in-laws, Ralph and Lois Robertson, whose love and support have made all the difference. Contents Series Foreword, xi Preface and Acknowledgments, xv PART ONE Justices, Rulings, and Legacy, 1 1 The Rehnquist Court and the Period, 3 Introduction and Overview, 3 The Warren Court, 1953–1969, 6 The Burger Court, 1969–1986, 8 The Rehnquist Court and the Reagan Appointments, 11 The Rehnquist Court and the Bush Appointments, 18 The Rehnquist Court and the Clinton Appointments, 22 The Rehnquist Court, 1994–2005, 24 Conclusion, 28 Notes, 29 References, 29 2 The Justices, 31 Introduction and Overview, 31 Eisenhower Appointment, 36 William J. Brennan, 36 Kennedy Appointment, 41 Byron White, 41 Johnson Appointment, 45 Thurgood Marshall, 45 Nixon Appointments, 49 Harry A. Blackmun, 49 vii viii Contents Lewis F. Powell Jr., 54 William Hubbs Rehnquist, 56 Ford Appointment, 61 John Paul Stevens, 61 Reagan Appointments, 65 Sandra Day O’Connor, 65 Antonin Scalia, 70 Anthony M. Kennedy, 75 George H.W. Bush Appointments, 80 David H. Souter, 80 Clarence Thomas, 85 Clinton Appointments, 90 Ruth Bader Ginsburg, 90 Stephen Breyer, 94 References, 98 3 The Rulings, 101 Establishment Clause, 102 Free Exercise of Religion, 111 Freedom of Expression, 119 Obscenity, 133 Guarantees of the Criminally Accused, 144 The Fourth Amendment and Unreasonable Searches and Seizures, 147 Warrantless Searches, 150 Exclusionary Rule, 160 The Fifth Amendment Guarantees of Protection against Self-Incrimination and Double Jeopardy, 164 The Guarantee against Compelled Self-Incrimination, 168 The Guarantee against Double Jeopardy, 175 The Sixth Amendment Guarantees of Counsel and a Fair Trial, 177 Right to Counsel, 182 Fair Trial Guarantees of the Sixth Amendment, 186 The Eighth Amendment Guarantee against Cruel and Unusual Punishments, 191 Eighth Amendment Capital Punishment Cases, 195 Eighth Amendment Noncapital Punishment Cases, 202 The Terrorism Cases of 2004, 204 ix Contents The Takings Clause, 207 Equal Protection and Race, 216 Equal Protection and Gender, 230 Affirmative Action, 243 Other Equal Protection Cases, 256 Privacy and Abortion, 262 Federalism, 275 Government Powers, 287 Conclusion, 293 Notes, 293 References, 293 4 Legacy and Impact, 295 First Amendment: The Establishment Clause, 296 First Amendment: The Free Exercise of Religion, 297 First Amendment: Freedom of Expression, 299 Obscenity, 300 The Fourth Amendment and Unreasonable Searches and Seizures, 301 The Fifth Amendment, 303 The Sixth Amendment Jury Trial Guarantees, 305 The Eighth Amendment Protection against Cruel and Unusual Punishments, 307 Takings Clause, 308 Race and Equal Protection, 309 Equal Protection and Gender, 310 Affirmative Action, 311 Other Equal Protection Cases, 313 Privacy and Abortion, 314 Federalism, 316 Government Powers, 317 Conclusions, 318 PART TWO Reference Materials, 323 Key People, Laws, and Events, 325 Chronology, 365 x Contents List of Cases, 375 Glossary, 385 Annotated Bibliography, 403 Index, 425 About the Authors, 443