TheReformation:AVeryShortIntroduction VERYSHORTINTRODUCTIONSareforanyonewantingastimulating andaccessiblewayintoanewsubject.Theyarewrittenbyexperts,and havebeenpublishedinmorethan25languagesworldwide. Theseriesbeganin1995,andnowrepresentsawidevarietyoftopicsin history,philosophy,religion,science,andthehumanities.TheVSIlibrary nowcontainsover200volumes—aVeryShortIntroductiontoeverything fromancientEgyptandIndianphilosophytoconceptualartand cosmology—andwillcontinuetogrowtoalibraryofaround300titles. VeryShortIntroductionsavailablenow: AFRICANHISTORY CITIZENSHIP RichardBellamy JohnParkerandRichardRathbone CLASSICALMYTHOLOGY AMERICANPOLITICALPARTIES HelenMorales ANDELECTIONS L.SandyMaisel CLASSICS THEAMERICANPRESIDENCY MaryBeardandJohnHenderson CharlesO.Jones CLAUSEWITZ MichaelHoward ANARCHISM ColinWard THECOLDWAR RobertMcMahon ANCIENTEGYPT IanShaw COMMUNISM LeslieHolmes ANCIENTPHILOSOPHY JuliaAnnas CONSCIOUSNESS SusanBlackmore ANCIENTWARFARE CONTEMPORARYART HarrySidebottom JulianStallabrass ANGLICANISM MarkChapman CONTINENTALPHILOSOPHY THEANGLO-SAXONAGE JohnBlair SimonCritchley ANIMALRIGHTS DavidDeGrazia COSMOLOGY PeterColes ANTISEMITISM StevenBeller THECRUSADES TheAPOCRYPHALGOSPELS ChristopherTyerman PaulFoster CRYPTOGRAPHY ARCHAEOLOGY PaulBahn FredPiperandSeanMurphy ARCHITECTURE AndrewBallantyne DADAANDSURREALISM ARISTOTLE JonathanBarnes DavidHopkins ARTHISTORY DanaArnold DARWIN JonathanHoward ARTTHEORY CynthiaFreeland THEDEADSEASCROLLS ATHEISM JulianBaggini TimothyLim AUGUSTINE HenryChadwick DEMOCRACY BernardCrick AUTISM UtaFrith DESCARTES TomSorell BARTHES JonathanCuller DESIGN JohnHeskett BESTSELLERS JohnSutherland DINOSAURS DavidNorman THEBIBLE JohnRiches DOCUMENTARYFILM BIOGRAPHY HermioneLee PatriciaAufderheide THEBRAIN MichaelO’Shea DREAMING J.AllanHobson BRITISHPOLITICS AnthonyWright DRUGS LeslieIversen BUDDHA MichaelCarrithers THEEARTH MartinRedfern BUDDHISM DamienKeown ECONOMICS ParthaDasgupta BUDDHISTETHICS DamienKeown EGYPTIANMYTH GeraldinePinch CAPITALISM JamesFulcher EIGHTEENTH-CENTURYBRITAIN CATHOLICISM GeraldO’Collins PaulLangford THECELTS BarryCunliffe THEELEMENTS PhilipBall CHAOS LeonardSmith EMOTION DylanEvans CHOICETHEORY MichaelAllingham EMPIRE StephenHowe CHRISTIANART BethWilliamson ENGELS TerrellCarver CHRISTIANITY LindaWoodhead ETHICS SimonBlackburn THEEUROPEANUNION INDIANPHILOSOPHY SueHamilton JohnPinderandSimonUsherwood INTELLIGENCE IanJ.Deary EVOLUTION INTERNATIONALMIGRATION BrianandDeborahCharlesworth KhalidKoser EXISTENTIALISM ThomasFlynn INTERNATIONALRELATIONS FASCISM KevinPassmore PaulWilkinson Fashion RebeccaArnold ISLAM MaliseRuthven FEMINISM MargaretWalters JOURNALISM IanHargreaves THEFIRSTWORLDWAR JUDAISM NormanSolomon MichaelHoward JUNG AnthonyStevens FOSSILS KeithThomson KABBALAH JosephDan FOUCAULT GaryGutting KAFKA RitchieRobertson FREEWILL ThomasPink KANT RogerScruton FREESPEECH NigelWarburton KIERKEGAARD PatrickGardiner THEFRENCHREVOLUTION THEKORAN MichaelCook WilliamDoyle LAW RaymondWacks FREUD AnthonyStorr LINCOLN AllenC.Guelzo FUNDAMENTALISM LINGUISTICS PeterMatthews MaliseRuthven LITERARYTHEORY JonathanCuller GALAXIES JohnGribbin LOCKE JohnDunn GALILEO StillmanDrake LOGIC GrahamPriest GAMETHEORY KenBinmore MACHIAVELLI QuentinSkinner GANDHI BhikhuParekh THEMARQUISDESADE GEOGRAPHY JohnPhillips JohnMatthewsandDavidHerbert MARX PeterSinger GEOPOLITICS KlausDodds MATHEMATICS TimothyGowers GERMANLITERATURE THEMEANINGOFLIFE NicholasBoyle TerryEagleton GLOBALCATASTROPHES MEDICALETHICS TonyHope BillMcGuire MEDIEVALBRITAIN GLOBALWARMING MarkMaslin JohnGillinghamandRalphA.Griffiths GLOBALIZATION ManfredSteger MEMORY JonathanK.Foster THEGREATDEPRESSIONANDTHE MODERNART DavidCottington NEWDEAL EricRauchway MODERNCHINA RanaMitter HABERMAS JamesGordonFinlayson MODERNIRELAND SeniaPaˇseta HEGEL PeterSinger MODERNJAPAN HEIDEGGER MichaelInwood ChristopherGoto-Jones HIEROGLYPHS PenelopeWilson MOLECULES PhilipBall HINDUISM KimKnott MORMONISM HISTORY JohnH.Arnold RichardLymanBushman THEHISTORYOFASTRONOMY MUSIC NicholasCook MichaelHoskin MYTH RobertA.Segal THEHISTORYOFLIFE MichaelBenton NATIONALISM StevenGrosby THEHISTORYOFMEDICINE NELSONMANDELA EllekeBoehmer WilliamBynum THENEWTESTAMENTAS THEHISTORYOFTIME LITERATURE KyleKeefer LeofrancHolford-Strevens NEWTON RobertIliffe HIV/AIDS AlanWhiteside NIETZSCHE MichaelTanner HOBBES RichardTuck NINETEENTH-CENTURYBRITAIN HUMANEVOLUTION BernardWood ChristopherHarvieand HUMANRIGHTS AndrewClapham H.C.G.Matthew HUME A.J.Ayer NORTHERNIRELAND IDEOLOGY MichaelFreeden MarcMulholland NOTHING FrankClose RUSSIANLITERATURE CatrionaKelly NUCLEARWEAPONS THERUSSIANREVOLUTION JosephM.Siracusa S.A.Smith THEOLDTESTAMENT SCHIZOPHRENIA MichaelD.Coogan ChrisFrithandEveJohnstone PARTICLEPHYSICS FrankClose SCHOPENHAUER PAUL E.P.Sanders ChristopherJanaway PHILOSOPHY EdwardCraig SCIENCEANDRELIGION PHILOSOPHYOFLAW ThomasDixon RaymondWacks SCOTLAND RabHouston PHILOSOPHYOFSCIENCE SEXUALITY Ve´roniqueMottier SamirOkasha SHAKESPEARE GermaineGreer PHOTOGRAPHY SteveEdwards SIKHISM EleanorNesbitt PLATO JuliaAnnas SOCIALANDCULTURAL POLITICALPHILOSOPHY ANTHROPOLOGY DavidMiller JohnMonaghanandPeterJust POLITICS KennethMinogue SOCIALISM MichaelNewman POSTCOLONIALISM RobertYoung SOCIOLOGY SteveBruce POSTMODERNISM ChristopherButler SOCRATES C.C.W.Taylor POSTSTRUCTURALISM TheSOVIETUNION StephenLovell CatherineBelsey THESPANISHCIVILWAR PREHISTORY ChrisGosden HelenGraham PRESOCRATICPHILOSOPHY SPINOZA RogerScruton CatherineOsborne STATISTICS DavidJ.Hand PSYCHIATRY TomBurns STUARTBRITAIN JohnMorrill PSYCHOLOGY SUPERCONDUCTIVITY GillianButlerandFredaMcManus StephenBlundell PURITANISM FrancisJ.Bremer TERRORISM CharlesTownshend THEQUAKERS PinkDandelion THEOLOGY DavidF.Ford QUANTUMTHEORY TRAGEDY AdrianPoole JohnPolkinghorne THETUDORS JohnGuy RACISM AliRattansi TWENTIETH-CENTURYBRITAIN Thereformation PeterMarshall KennethO.Morgan RELATIVITY RussellStannard THEUNITEDNATIONS RELIGIONINAMERICA TimothyBeal JussiM.Hanhim¨aki THERENAISSANCE JerryBrotton THEVIKINGS JulianRichards RENAISSANCEART WITTGENSTEIN A.C.Grayling GeraldineA.Johnson WORLDMUSIC PhilipBohlman ROMANBRITAIN PeterSalway THEWORLDTRADE THEROMANEMPIRE ChristopherKelly ORGANIZATION AmritaNarlikar ROUSSEAU RobertWokler WRITINGANDSCRIPT RUSSELL A.C.Grayling AndrewRobinson Availablesoon: ThomasAquinas FergusKerr BiblicalArchaeology Deserts NickMiddleton EricH.Cline TheNormanConquest TheReaganRevolution GeorgeGarnett GilTroy Formoreinformationvisitourwebsite www.oup.co.uk/general/vsi/ Peter Marshall The Reformation A Very Short Introduction 3 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxfordox26dp OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwidein Oxford NewYork Auckland CapeTown DaresSalaam HongKong Karachi KualaLumpur Madrid Melbourne MexicoCity Nairobi NewDelhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto Withofficesin Argentina Austria Brazil Chile CzechRepublic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore SouthKorea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam OxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPress intheUKandincertainothercountries PublishedintheUnitedStates byOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYork #PeterMarshall2009 Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted DatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker) Firstpublished2009 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced, storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans, withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress, orasexpresslypermittedbylaw,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriate reprographicsrightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproduction outsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment, OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisbookinanyotherbindingorcover andyoumustimposethesameconditiononanyacquirer BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Dataavailable TypesetbySPIPublisherServices,Pondicherry,India PrintedinGreatBritainby AshfordColourPressLtd,Gosport,Hampshire ISBN 978–0–19–923131–7 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 In memoryof Trevor Johnson (1961–2007) This page intentionally left blank Contents Listofillustrations xi Introduction 1 1 Reformations 11 2 Salvation 42 3 Politics 60 4 Society 76 5 Culture 93 6 Others 110 7 Legacy 129 Chronology 137 Furtherreading 143 Index 147