Page iv © 1986 KURODA INSTITUTE ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 98 99 6 5 4 3 The Kuroda Institute for the Study of Buddhism and Human Values is a nonprofit, educational corporation, founded in 1976. One of its primary objectives is to promote scholarship on Buddhism in its historical, philosophical, and cultural ramifications. The Institute thus attempts to serve the scholarly community by providing a forum in which scholars can gather at conferences and colloquia. To date, the Institute has sponsored six conferences in the area of Buddhist Studies, and volumes resulting from these conferences are published in the Institute's Studies in East Asian Buddhism series. To complement these scholarly studies, the Institute will also make available reliable translations of some of the major classics of East Asian Buddhism in the present series. Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data Liangchieh, 807–869. The record of Tungshan. (Classics in East Asian Buddhism) Translation of: Tungshan Wupench'anshih yü lu. Bibliography: p. 1. Zen Buddhism—Early works to 1800. I. Powell, William F., 1940– . II. Title. III. Series. BQ9449.L524T8613 1986 294.3'927 864305 ISBN 0824810708 Calligraphy by Suigan Yogo Roshi * of Daiyuzan* Saijoji* Page v Contents Foreword by Robert Aitken vii Preface by Shuyu Sakurai ix Abbreviations xi Introduction 1 The Record of Liangchieh of Tungshan in Juichou 21 Ch'an Sites in Ninth Century Southeast China 22 Notes 69 Index of Figures Mentioned in The Record of Tungshan 91 Bibliography 95 Page vii Foreword Tungshan Liangchieh was intimate with the source of all categories, and thus he could present their unity and their particular virtues with vivid clarity: A monk asked, "how does one escape hot and cold?" "Why not go where it is neither hot nor cold?" said the Master. "What sort of place is neither hot nor cold?" asked the monk. "When it's cold you freeze to death; when it's hot you swelter to death." The reason you die with the cold is that you dwell where there is neither cold nor heat. The reason you die with the birdsong is that you dwell where there is neither sound nor silence. Dying with the cold or the birdsong is the great life of cold or the birdsong. The great life of standing up and sitting down rests firmly on the experience of body and mind falling away. Tungshan is renowned as the founder of the sect we know today as Soto * Zen Buddhism, and as the author of the poetical treatise, "The Five Ranks," studies by all Zen students regardless of sect. His great achievements arise from hearing vividly with his eyes the sermons of birds and trees, and from his cultivation of that realization in tireless personal practice and teaching. William Powell has enhanced the understanding of the Buddha Dharma for Western readers with his exemplary translation and study of Tungshan's great life. I am most thankful to him and to all others who made this publication possible. ROBERT AITKEN KOKO AN ZENDO* HONOLULU Page ix Preface In twenty out of the ninetyfive chapters that compose the Shobogenzo *, the Zen master Dogen* quotes extensively from Tungshan's public addresses, dialogues, Dharma lectures, and random sayings. He also shows the high esteem in which he held Tungshan by referring to him using his honorific title and posthumous name, "The Eminent Monk, Wupen of Tungshan." It is evident that Dogen studied the teachings of Tungshan and his lineage with great devotion. That Tungshan, in his role as founder of Chinese T's aotung Ch'an, had established the foundation for a unique way of approaching Buddhism earned Dogen's greatest respect. To Dogen, for whom "leaving home to practice the Way" had the greatest significance in the study of the Buddha Way, Tungshan's life became a model. According to accounts of Tungshan's life, he suffered the sad fate of "not having anyone to rely on, his father having died, his mother grown old, and his brothers become cold and distant." It was recorded that "his mother did not have the heart to reject her child (Tungshan), but it was the child's intention to abandon her." However, Tungshan had the firm conviction that, ''in order to cut off the desirous river of life and death and to cross the bitter sea of defilements, nothing is comparable to the merit of leaving home [to become a monk]." This corresponds to Dogen's* own singleminded resolve to leave home to practice the Way. Because of this he never lapsed in his reverence for the example Tungshan had set. Although there have been numerous editions of this discourse record, generally abbreviated as The Record of Tungshan, the one with the widest popularity in Japan has been the Chinese Ming edition obtained by Gimoku Genkai, who reedited and published it with his own epilogue in 1739. Little is known about Genkai, even the date of his death being uncertain, but his epilogue, "from the brush of the Japanese sramana*, Genkai, of Zuiryu Monastery in Utaura," gives some indication of who he was. Zuiryu Monastery is the present Rinsen Temple of Zui Page x ryusan, also known as Hakkarin, located at Nishinomachi, Hatayashiki of Wakayama City. Although Genkai is regarded as being in the lineage of Jirin Genshi (d. 1764), a member of the ninth generation of Rinsen Temple, and also in the thirtyseventh generation of Daijo Temple in Ishikawaken, Genkai himself is not listed in the generational records of Rinsen Temple. In any case, Genkai wholeheartedly applied himself to the study of The Record of Tungshan. We can be extremely grateful for the effort he expended in compiling a register of the twentyseven members of Tungshan's Dharma lineage, and for his critical textual analysis of more than sixteen capping phrases. The Kuroda Institute for the Study of Buddhism and Human Values, under the leadership of Hakuyu Maezumi Roshi, has made a great contribution to the propagation of True Dharma Zen through their publication of this English translation of The Record of Tungshan. I hope for its success. They have published a relatively large number of translations of the classics of the Buddhas and Patriarchs. Such practice of the Way manifests their deep respect. The many poems and gathas * in the text, such as "The Jewel Mirror Samadhi*," "The Five Ranks," and "Lords and Vassals," all of which concern the Five Ranks doctrine, are a uniquely Eastern form of poetic expression. It must not have been easy to translate them. I offer this preface, then, in the hope that the essence of the teaching will be grasped and the benefits of the Dharma may be made widely accessible. SHUYU SAKURAI PRESIDENT KOMAZAWA UNIVERSITY JAPAN Page xi Abbreviations CTL Chingte ch'uanteng lu (The Transmission of the Lamp Compiled During the Chingte Era) T. Taisho * shinshu* daizokyo* TSL Juichou Tungshan Liangchieh ch'anshih yülu (The Record of Tung shan) TTC Tsut'ang chi (The Collection from the Patriarchal Hall) WCYL Wuchia yülu (Discourse Records of the Five Houses) Z. Dainihon zokuzokyo* Page 1 Introduction The period from 755 to 907, although traditionally regarded as the waning years of the T'ang Dynasty, was a period of flourishing development for Ch'an Buddhism. The An Lushan rebellion of 755, from which the dynasty had great difficulty recovering, marked the beginning of what traditional histories have regarded as the declining years of the T'ang. This decline ended with the establishment of the Liang Dynasty in 907. During this period, Chinese Buddhism underwent one of its periodic persecutions, one from which much of the Buddhist establishment never fully recovered. Emperor Wu Tsung's suppression of Buddhism in 845 marked the end of many of the more traditional and scholastic Buddhist movements in China. Yet it was precisely during this period that Ch'an Buddhists were in the midst of one of their most creative and formative phases, one that was to have major influence on all later Ch'an Buddhism, not only in China, but also in Korea, Japan, and in recent times even America and Europe. While acknowledging such earlier figures as Bodhidharma and Huineng, almost all Ch'an lineages from the end of the T'ang trace their doctrinal and institutional origins to various masters of this period. This era stands between two other distinct periods in the development of Ch'an Buddhism. What might be termed the early period begins around the sixth or seventh century, shortly after Bodhidharma is said to have arrived in China. It continues through the middle of the eighth century, when the Sixth Patriarch, Huineng, and his immediate disciples, particularly Shenhui, were active. During this period Ch'an Buddhists were becoming conscious of themselves as a distinct tradition within Buddhism and were establishing their legitimacy in the eyes of Chinese society. The issues with which they were concerned, at least toward the end of the early period, are probably those presented in the Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch. Not only does this document express the thought of what has come to be known as the "Southern Lineage," but, as Page 2 recent research is beginning to show, it incorporates much of the thought of the "Northern Lineage" as well. 1 The late period of Ch'an development begins in the middle of the eleventh century with the systemization of Ch'an into the "Five Houses" (Wuchia) and continues sporadically until the present. The impression one gets from the various accounts of the Ch'an Buddhism of the middle period is of an elaborate network of masters, each transmitting his own creative understanding of Buddhism to numerous followers who wandered from master to master. Questions of lineage legitimacy, which characterized the early period, were no longer in evidence. The narrowing of the various lineages to five "houses," with their characteristic teachings or styles, had yet to occur. Most of the activity in the middle period was concentrated south of the Yangtse River, principally in an area west of Lake Poyang in modern Kiangsi Province (see map, p. 22). In and around this area, known during the Sui and T'ang dynasties as Hungchou, were located the centers of Matsu (709–788), Paichang (720–814), Huangpo (d. 850), Tungshan (807–869), Yünchü (835?–902), Ts'aoshan (840–901), and Yangshan (807–883). Slightly farther west of this area in modern Hunan were located the centers of Yünyen (d. 850) and Kueishan (771–853). To the east in modern Fukien was the center of Hsüehfeng (822–908). Linchi (d. 866), who eventually established his center far to the north, began his career in Hungchou under Huangp'o. All of these wellknown masters were considered distinctly individualistic in their teaching styles and personalities. However, the fact that they were all contemporaries or near contemporaries, that their centers, except for Linchi's, were located in close proximity to one another, and that their students were in the habit of regularly visiting the other masters in the region gave to the Ch'an of this period a coherence and momentum that undoubtedly contributed to the significant later influence of this group of masters. Liangchieh of Tungshan is one of the many masters who contributed to the creative energy of this flourishing middle period of Ch'an history. Unfortunately, biographical information on Tungshan, as for most of the Ch'an figures of this period, is extremely sparse, being limited to a few pieces of mundane information such as dates, family name, and birthplace. In fact, the lack of reliable information on the figures of the middle period is an issue of some significance. Perhaps, as Paul Demiéville suggests, such information existed but was destroyed by the Buddhist persecution of 845.2 Or possibly there were internal reasons, attitudes within Ch'an itself, that mitigated against the making or preservation of records. Page 3 According to the data we do have, Tungshan was born in 807 in Kueichi, a town in southeastern Shaohsing district of Chekiang Province, an area rich in legend and religious tradition. The mountain of Kueichi was popularly believed to be the site of the tomb of Yü, the legendary first ruler of the semihistorical Hsia Dynasty (2183–1752 B.C.E.). Not far to the southeast is Mt. T'ient'ai, the great Buddhist center founded by Chihi (538–597). This mountain is also associated with the eccentric Ch'an poet of the T'ang dynasty Hanshan. To the west is Mt. Wuhsieh, where Tungshan took his monastic vows. Due east is Mt. T'aipai, the site of T'ient'ung Temple, to which the great Japanese monk Dogen * (1200–1253) came in the thirteenth century to study the teaching of Tungshan under Juching (1163– 1228). Tungshan was a contemporary of Linchi (d. 866), the founder of another major Ch'an lineage. Like Linchi, Tungshan spent much of his early life visiting Ch'an masters and recluses in the Hungchou region. This must have been about the time of the great Buddhist suppression of 845, but if this momentous event had any effect on Tungshan, there is no indication in any of the records. He eventually established his own center on "Cave Mountain" (tungshan) in Hungchou (modern Nanchang hsien in the province of Kiangsi), where, among his disciples, the two most notable were Yünchü (835?–902) and Ts'aoshan (840–901). Yünchü's branch of Tung shan's lineage survived in China until the seventeenth century and was carried to Japan by Dogen in the thirteenth, where it continues to the present as the Soto* Zen sect. Ironically, Ts'aoshan's branch did not survive his immediate disciples, but because he is regarded as having been personally entrusted by Tungshan with, among other teachings, the famous Five Ranks doctrine, he continues to be held in high regard by Buddhists of various lineages. Tungshan died in 869. The Nature of the Text The text for The Record of Tungshan translated here occurs as an independent work in the Taisho* Buddhist Canon (T.1986) but originated as part of a collection of discourse records, The Records of the Five Houses (Wuchia yülu), compiled in 1632. This work also contains the discourse records of Linchi, Yünmen, Fa yen, Kueishan, Yangshan, and Ts'aoshan. It is significant that the discourse record for Tungshan included in this collection was compiled not by a member of Tung shan's own lineage, but by members of Linchi's lineage, principally Yüfeng Yüanhsin (1571–1647). This work, Tungshan's earliest extant discourse record, does not appear until eight hundred years after his death.