CritiCal PolitiCal theory and radiCal PraCtiCe Mainstream political theory has been experiencing an identity crisis for as long as I can remember. From even a cursory glance at the major journals, it still seems preoccupied either with textual exegesis of a conservatively construed canon, fashionable postmodern forms of deconstruction, or the reduction of ideas to the context in which they were formulated and the prejudices of the author. Usually written in esoteric style and intended only for disciplinary experts, political theory has lost both its critical character and its concern for political prac- tice. Behaviorist and positivist political “scientists” tend to view it as a branch of philosophical metaphysics or as akin to literary criticism. They are not completely wrong. There is currently no venue that highlights the practical implications of theory or its connections with the larger world. I was subsequently delighted when Palgrave Macmillan offered me the opportunity of editing Critical Political Theory and Radical Practice. When I was a graduate student at the University of California, Berkeley, during the 1970s, critical theory was virtually unknown in the United States. The academic mainstream was late in catching up and, when it finally did during the late 1980s, it predictably embraced the more metaphysical and subjectivist trends of critical theory. Traditionalists had little use for an approach in which critique of a position or analysis of an event was predicated on positive ideals and practical political aims. In this vein, like liberalism, socialism was a dirty word and knowledge of its various tendencies and traditions was virtually nonexistent. Today, however, the situation is somewhat different. Strident right-wing politicians have openly condemned “critical thinking,” particularly as it pertains to cultural pluralism and American history. Such parochial validations of tradition have implications for practical politics. And, if only for this reason, it is necessary to confront them. A new generation of academics is becoming engaged with immanent critique, interdisciplinary work, actual political problems, and more broadly the link between theory and practice. Critical Political Theory and Radical Practice offers them a new home for their intellectual labors. The series introduces new authors, unorthodox themes, critical interpretations of the classics, and salient works by older and more established thinkers. Each after his or her fashion will explore the ways in which political theory can enrich our understanding of the arts and social sciences. Criminal justice, psychology, sociology, theater, and a host of other disciplines come into play for a critical political theory. The series also opens new avenues by engaging alternative traditions, animal rights, Islamic politics, mass movements, sovereignty, and the institutional problems of power. Critical Political Theory and Radical Practice thus fills an important niche. Innovatively blending tradition and experimentation, this intellectual enterprise with a political intent will, I hope, help reinvigorate what is fast becoming a petrified field of study and perhaps provide a bit of inspiration for future scholars and activists. Stephen Eric Bronner Published by Palgrave Macmillan: Subterranean Politics and Freud’s Legacy: Critical Theory and Society Amy Buzby Politics and Theatre in Twentieth-Century Europe: Imagination and Resistance Margot Morgan Rosa Luxemburg: Her Life and Legacy Edited by Jason Schulman Hannah Arendt and the Specter of Totalitarianism Marilyn LaFay The Radical Humanism of Erich Fromm Kieran Durkin The Radical Humanism of Erich Fromm Kieran Durkin the radical humanism of erich fromm Copyright © Kieran Durkin, 2014. All rights reserved. First published in 2014 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the United States—a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN: 978–1–137–43639–9 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Durkin, Kieran. The radical humanism of Erich Fromm / Kieran Durkin. pages cm.—(Critical political theory and radical practice) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–1–137–43639–9 (hardback) 1. Fromm, Erich, 1900–1980. 2. Humanism—Philosophy. 3. Humanistic psychology. 4. Psychoanalysis. I. Title. BF109.F76D87 2014 150.19986—dc23 2014008946 A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Knowledge Works (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: September 2014 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Acknowledgments vii Introduction 1 Chapter 1 The Life and Writings of a Radical Humanist 17 Chapter 2 The Roots of Radical Humanism 41 Chapter 3 Radical Humanist Psychoanalysis 71 Chapter 4 Psychoanalytic Social Psychology 103 Chapter 5 Anti-Humanism: A Radical Humanist Defense 129 Chapter 6 The Renaissance of Humanism 165 Conclusion 207 Notes 215 Bibliography 229 Index 243 This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgments This book was a long time in the making. Because of this, many have influenced it—many more than it is possible or even conceivable to mention. As an undergraduate student in what seems like a different age, Scott Meikle and Harvie Ferguson jolted me out of my complacency in their own, very different ways, placing profoundly conflicting worldviews with their attendant problematics and problems forefrontal in what was then my youthful deliberating mind. Though this tribute may not wholly please them—so different are many of the positions I take in these pages from their own (this particularly applies to Harvie)—they nevertheless influenced the tangents of my thinking at a crucial stage in my intellectual development to such a degree that I would find it hard to overstate their importance. In terms of the construction of the book itself, two people in particular stand out for special mention. Bridget Fowler and Andy Smith took the time to read the entire manuscript in its various guises, providing invalu- able commentary and suggestions that have surely saved it from the worst of fates that might have befallen it—that it might not experience the best of fates is, of course, not their responsibility. Again, while not everything in these pages will be to their tastes, Bridget and Andy were highly influ- ential and supportive throughout, showing exemplary human qualities alongside impressive intellectual acumen. I would also like to acknowledge the encouragement and advice given by Daniel Burston, Lawrence Wilde, Annette Thomson, Matthew Waites, Matt Dawson, and the disruptions to the rigidity of my thinking caused by Stephen Jackson and Lisa Bradley. During the long-drawn-out process of composing this book, where I had to constantly fight the irresistible tendency to become lost in my own tortured monologue, engagement with other thinkers possessing productively similar (or not so similar) views to my own was a much needed form of nourishment and challenge. viii l Acknowledgments A central acknowledgment must be offered to Rainer Funk, whose friendly and encouraging hospitality while I was at the Fromm Archives in Tübingen was gratefully received. Dr. Funk gave up significant time to field my many and varied questions, both while I was in Germany and by email after I had returned. His work as sole executor of Fromm’s literary estate, alongside his own publishing career, has been and is the greatest service to Frommian thought outside of that of Fromm himself. Finally, and above all, I would like to thank my partner, Jodie, for her forbearance, love, and support during the writing process, and for sticking with me through the ups and downs of a small lifetime together. This book is dedicated—if it matters at all that I say this—to her, to our daughter, Heidi, and to my parents, Dermot and Linda, whose example to me as I was growing up led in no small way to my finding myself here and to the endur- ing pull of Erich Fromm. Introduction Writing in 1986, John Rickert, an American philosopher, remarked of Erich Fromm that he had “long been out of fashion” (Rickert, 1986: 1). Almost three decades since Rickert’s observation— and with the publication of a number of book-length studies dedicated to Fromm’s thought1—it seems that this lack of fashionableness has not proved terminal. But while a terminality has failed to set in, Fromm remains a fairly anonymous figure in contemporary academia, his name generally absent from most mainstream social theory and his ideas markedly under- utilized in social scientific and humanitarian thought. Caught between the “analytic” and “continental” philosophical traditions and their advocates in the human sciences, Fromm’s thought is generally neither wanted nor respected—its overt humanism a seemingly permanent embarrassment, its psychoanalytic genealogy a peculiar anathema, and its accessible style a more or less effective barrier to high regard. This is unfortunate, given the condition of contemporary social theory, and, in fact, symptomatic of this very condition. For despite signs that significant change may be pos- sible, social theoretical thought seems largely to still be adversely affected by the anti-humanism and other excessively relativistic tropes characteristic of the linguistic turn and of structuralist and poststructuralist thought more generally. This anti-humanism centrally reduces to an overstated attack on the axiomatic precepts of humanism—namely, the idea of “man” (or the human being), “the subject,” “the self,” and of history as the realm in which human perfectibility (or flourishing) can manifest itself. As Roy Bhaskar has shown, the philosophical underpinning of most academic thought today is influenced either by the “empirical realism” of positivism (and the related idea that we can only know about what we can experience or test) or by the “super-idealism” of “postmodern” thought (and the related idea that we cre- ate or change the world with our theories), or of unintentional combinations