The Quantum God: An Investigation of the Image of God from Quantum Science By Meaghean H. Richardson A Thesis Submitted to Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Theology and Religious Studies June, 2015, Halifax, Nova Scotia Copyright Meaghean H. Richardson, 2015. Approved: Dr. Anne Marie Dalton Supervisor Approved: Dr. Mary Hale Reader Approved: Dr. Magi Abdul-Masih Examiner Date: June 5, 2015 2 ABSTRACT The Quantum God: An Investigation of the Image of God from Quantum Science By Meaghean H. Richardson This thesis is an investigation of the image of God arising from understandings of quantum science and argues that it enhances ideas about God. It considers the significance of religious interpretations of quantum science and briefly examines the case of Christian theology and God’s actions in the world. The nature of quantum phenomena requires the use of imagery likened to that used in many mystical and religious traditions. Using a multivalued approach, I give equitable consideration to multiple scientific and theological interpretations to describe the God-concept presented by sources writing on the mystical implications of quantum science. The quantum demands an intellectual and academic openness, requiring the use of resources outside of science, and pushes for a holistic approach and a transition to a postmodern paradigm. Therefore, the quantum is said to be a re-enchanting force, calling for a re-evaluation of the spiritual dimension in our overall understanding of reality. June 5, 2015 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I must first thank my parents for their support of every kind while I chase my dreams. Many thanks to my family and friends for always caring for what I do, to the Sacred Heart School of Halifax community, Saint Mary’s University, and to Anne Marie Dalton for seeing something in me that I did not and for giving me the guidance I needed. I offer you all my humble gratitude. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………. 5 CHAPTER 1—QUANTUM PHYSICS, QUANTUM MYSTICISM AND PROMINENT SOURCES…………………………………………………………………………. 10 Quantum Physics……………………………………………………………….. 10 Quantum Theories and Interpretations within Quantum Mysticism…………… 13 Select Sources on Quantum Mysticism and the Quantum God-Concept……… 19 CHAPTER 2—METHODOLOGY.……………………………………………….. 27 Mutivalued Logic………………………………………………………………. 29 Multivaluing Metaphorical Metaphysics……….………………………………. 31 CHAPTER 3—THE IMAGE OF GOD FROM QUANTUM SCIENCE…………. 40 The Great Field…………………………………………………………………. 41 The Conscious Universe………………………………………………………... 47 The Quantum God……………………………………………………………… 53 CHAPTER 4— THE QUANTUM GOD: CHRISTIAN PARALLELS, CONSIDERATIONS AND IMPLICATIONS………………………..…………… 59 A Transcendent God and God’s Action in the World…………………….……. 59 Implications and Considerations of the Analogy of the Quantum God.….……. 67 CONCLUSIONS, LIMITATIONS AND CONSIDERATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY……………………………………………………………………...…….... 73 REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………... 77 5 INTRODUCTION This thesis investigates the relationship of quantum physics to understandings of God. Quantum physics, also known as the new physics, is the scientific study of the behaviour of subatomic particles, such as photons, electrons and protons. Their behaviour drastically defies the logic of Newtonian physics and requires its own model of understanding. The interpretations used in this paper arise from a mystical perspective. Such a perspective refers to the esoteric and non-empirical, or beyond-empirical implications of the scientific findings of quantum investigations. The inability of the science to fully explain itself calls for the use of analogy, which likens the world of the quantum to that of mystical, spiritual or religious traditions. Investigation of this topic is crucial, as it opens a new way to deepening the relationship between religion and science. Quantum theories began to garner attention shortly after their first publications in the early twentieth century. A number of scholars have interpreted quantum science to support the notion that the universe has a mystical quality, referring, as above, to the esoteric nature of many interpretations of the science. The science seems to suggest many concepts that have existed within esoteric spiritual traditions for millennia (Goswami, 1995). These mystical undertones of quantum physics have provided a hermeneutical space within the current scientific understandings of the universe. The transcendent, the numinous, the divinely enigmatic are all given more support through these mystical implications, as a collective referred to as quantum mysticism. References to this term have been noted since the inception of quantum explorations, as scientists attempted to grapple with the strangeness of their findings. It has been subsequently perpetuated with 6 works such as Fritjov Capra’s 1975 work, The Tao of Physics: An Exploration of the Parallels Between Modern Physics and Eastern Mysticism, and Michael Talbot’s Mysticism and the New Physics (1993). Some current interpretations have been credited not only with opening a space for the transcendent in the empirical world but also with creating images that are prone to a theological disposition. Today there are many prominent physicists and theologians who contend that interpretations of the quantum present the best bridge between science and religion that the post-Newtonian world has seen (Klein, 2002). One of the modern philosophical holy grails has been this bridge, the reconciliation of science and religion1. Such a bridge is thought by many in the Western world to be an idealist dream2, especially of late, in light of the New Atheism movement3 and pervasive secularism. It is a well-established fact that the turn to materialism in the West has resulted in the relegation of religious knowledge to the realm of subjective feeling. This has pushed mysticism, and the divine into the corners of knowledge, labeled as non-empirical and therefore superfluous. Quantum physics, as it is interpreted by some, has led however to the acknowledgment by certain scientists and religionists that the nature of the universe may indeed include a non-empirical reality (Schäfer, 2006; 2008). It is thought that this mysterious reality or aspect of the universe is comprised of fields of in-formed energy, or consciousness according to Amit Goswami. Out of these understandings emerges an image of a holistic energetic intelligence, which some, like Ervin Laszlo and John Denker, are calling the closest-ever theory to a scientifically supported notion of God. 1 See Bridging Science and Religion (2003), edited by Gaymon Bennett and Ted Peters. 2 See works by Bertrand Russell. 3 This is a socio-political movement in favour of secularism and atheism, supported by those like Richard Dawkins and Christopher Hitchens, a self-professed antitheist. 7 Moving the divine from the dusty corners of illegitimacy, literature on quantum mysticism is providing an empirical base for the existence of a kind of transcendence or divinity that may exist within and around our entire universe. As this thesis will show, quantum physics invites the building of images in order to express the complexity of its theories. Those interested in mystical or religious connotations of these images consider them to relate to a God and God’s action in the world. Goswami refers to this as a re- enchantment, bringing God and the divine back into the foundations of our reality (1995)4. Consequently, theology is being called to account for the new attempts of science to describe God and/or the sense of the supernatural. According to quantum mysticism, the ultimate questions posed by scientists and theologians seem to be pointing towards very similar answers, flipping modernist conceptions of the binary science-religion debate on their heads and revealing mutual destinations of both streams of thought. Physics, considered by most to be nothing but cold empirical calculations and observations of inanimate matter, has found itself exploring the very essence of the non-empirical, of consciousness, and of life itself as it delves deeper into the most fundamental aspects of our universe. Hence, in an ironic and, as will be discussed, paradoxical way the empirical is seen to explore the non-empirical. The quantum God-concept is presented as an engaging spiritual force in a scientific framework, challenging the supremacy of materialism and the disenfranchisement of spirituality and religion in the West. Accordingly there emerges what some refer to as quantum philosophies dealing with this critique of modernity (Omnès, 1999). It can also be argued that many texts exploring these philosophies engage 4 The probabilistic and rather idealistic nature of the universe put forth by some quantum theorists, highlighting the pivotal role of consciousness and participation on the part of the individual, is represented as an enlightening, re-enchanting force. 8 and motivate the reader, as their core impetus, with a call to a personal spirituality and a deep individual moral and ecological responsibility. Such engagement suggests powerful support for transformation and the broadening of horizons. It is this potency for a real- world impact that impelled the exploration of what issues are raised by such findings and interpretations in regards to spirituality, religion, and the current Western milieu. Thus my aim is to investigate the image of God arising from the nascent field of quantum physics and the spiritual and religious issues developing around such ideas. I ask: What is the over-arching image of God suggested by quantum science? How does it relate to an established image of God, like that of the Christian God? What is its significance? My approach is characterized by the prominent assumption of those writing on the subject that such interpretations could have incredibly profound implications based on the reimagining of God-concepts, what Amit Goswami calls “the re-enchantment of the person” (1995), and a paradigmatic shift to a quantum perspective (Denker, 2010). These concepts will be explored further in this thesis. When dealing with any quantum phenomena, with indeterminacy at its core, as we will see, a shift from conventional thinking is required. In light of this, I use a multivalued approach to account for the image of God developing from the varied interpretations within quantum mysticism and extensive literature review to investigate the implications of such a concept. As the Newtonian and the quantum co-exist with equal validity, this thesis investigates what happens when this multivalued approach is applied to the many interdisciplinary theories used to understand the quantum on the assumption that they all have some validity 9 Since validation or comprehensive clarification of such mathematical and scientific theories is beyond the scope of this study, as well as outside my own expertise, this paper is limited to an analysis of the interpretations of select quantum theories that infer the existence of a God-like phenomena and the contributions of quantum scientists to the discussion of God. Neither is it the purpose of this paper to argue in favour of any one spiritual or religious interpretation, but rather to highlight the evidence put forth by those who argue that it is now possible to support the existence of an empirically based God-concept and to explore its spiritual and religious implications. The examination in chapter four of how these theories might inform the Christian notion of God in no way should be taken to imply that understandings of Quantum Physics have implications for Christianity only. The focus on one example is governed only by the limitations of time and space for this study. Nor is it possible or necessary to the thesis to judge the scientific accuracy of the interpretations used. It is the interpretations of the science for the understanding of God that is significant not the nuances of the scientific arguments themselves. Thus it is assumed that the scholarly interpretations used are credible. With this understood, my paper will present some of the main interpretations of quantum theory and discuss the interpretations within quantum mysticism, highlighting some prominent sources on the subject. Chapter two will examine a logical approach designed in light of the quantum in relation to the multivalued methodological approach used to compose the quantum God-concept. The images of God that arise from the interpretations of quantum science are then briefly described and defined in chapter three, then compared to the Christian God to emphasize the parallels in chapter four. I will conclude with some considerations for further study in light of this quantum perspective. 10 CHAPTER 1—QUANTUM PHYSICS, QUANTUM MYSTICISM AND PROMINENT SOURCES Quantum Physics The works of some of the world’s greatest scientific minds have built an understanding of the foundations of our universe through exploring the smallest known pieces of matter, called quanta. Such well-know persons as, Albert Einstein, Erwin Schrödinger, Niels Bohr, David Bohm and Werner Heisenberg have for the most part defined the field of quantum science. These scientists are responsible for producing famous concepts like those of Einstein’s Theory of Relativity and Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle. Their contributions have been studied for decades and, along with most subsequent quantum explorations, have been credited as revolutionary. Although much is yet to be discovered and deciphered, the findings of quantum physics currently hold, among others, three basic principles: duality, uncertainty and entanglement. Duality Wave-particle duality, also referred to as complementarity, is, in lay terms, the phenomenon of sub-atomic particles and energy waves, or wave-functions, existing as the same phenomena only perceived in different ways (Ward, 2005). Particles tend to behave like a wave until observed through sophisticated means of technical measurement; this is known as the observer effect5. This is described as the wave-function existing in a state of potentiality, wherein the quanta could be thought to exist in all possible states until it is observed, “collapsing” from a state of potentiality to actuality (Laszlo, 2007). 5 The following video from the film What The Bleep Do We Know!?: Down The Rabbit Hole explains The Double Slit Experiment, also known as Young’s Experiment, which exemplifies the observer effect. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DfPeprQ7oGc