The Python Language Reference Manual @ Chris Sheridan 2016 The Python Language Reference Manual INTRODUCTION 1.1 Alternate Implementations 1.2 Notation CHAPTER TWO LEXICAL ANALYSIS 2.1 Line structure 2.1.1 Logical lines 2.1.2 Physical lines 2.1.3 Comments 2.1.4 Encoding declarations 2.1.5 Explicit line joining 2.1.6 Implicit line joining 2.1.7 Blank lines 2.1.8 Indentation 2.1.9 Whitespace between tokens 2.2 Other tokens 2.3 Identifiers and keywords 2.3.1 Keywords 2.3.2 Reserved classes of identifiers 2.4 Literals 2.4.1 String and Bytes literals 2.4.2 String literal concatenation 2.4.3 Numeric literals 2.4.4 Integer literals 2.4.6 Imaginary literals 2.6 Delimiters 3.0 DATA MODEL 3.1 Objects, values and types 3.2. The standard type hierarchy 3.3 Special method names 3.3.1 Basic customization 3.3. Special method names 3.3. Special method names 3.3.2 Customizing attribute access 3.3.3 Customizing class creation 3.3.4 Customizing instance and subclass checks 3.3.5 Emulating callable objects 3.3.7 Emulating numeric types 3.3.8 With Statement Context Managers 3.3.9 Special method lookup CHAPTER FOUR EXECUTION MODEL 4.1 Naming and binding 4.1.1 Interaction with dynamic features 4.2 Exceptions CHAPTER FIVE THE IMPORT SYSTEM 5.2.1 Regular packages 5.2.2 Namespace packages 5.3 Searching 5.3.1 The module cache 5.3.2 Finders and loaders 5.3.3 Import hooks 5.3.4 The meta path 5.4 Loaders 5.4.1 Module reprs 5.4.2 module.__path__ 5.5 The Path Based Finder 5.5.1 Path entry finders 5.5.2 Path entry finder protocol 5.6 Replacing the standard import system CHAPTER SIX EXPRESSIONS 6.1 Arithmetic conversions 6.2 Atoms 6.2.1 Identifiers (Names) 6.2.2 Literals 6.2.3 Parenthesized forms 6.2.4 Displays for lists, sets and dictionaries 6.2.5 List displays 6.2.6 Set displays 6.2.8 Generator expressions 6.2.9 Yield expressions 6.3 Primaries 6.3.1 Attribute references 6.3.2 Subscriptions 6.3.3 Slicings 6.3.4 Calls 6.4 The power operator 6.5 Unary arithmetic and bitwise operations 6.6 Binary arithmetic operations 6.7 Shifting operations 6.8 Binary bitwise operations 6.9 Comparisons 6.10 Boolean operations 6.11 Conditional expressions 6.12 Lambdas 6.13 Expression lists 6.14 Evaluation order 6.15 Operator precedence CHAPTER SEVEN SIMPLE STATEMENTS 7.1 Expression statements 7.2 Assignment statements 7.2.1 Augmented assignment statements 7.3 The assert statement 7.4 The pass statement 7.5 The del statement 7.6 The return statement 7.7 The yield statement 7.8 The raise statement 7.9 The break statement 7.10 The continue statement 7.11 The import statement 7.11.1 Future statements 7.12 The global statement 7.13 The nonlocal statement CHAPTER EIGHT COMPOUND STATEMENTS 8.1 The if statement 8.2 The while statement 8.3 The for statement 8.4 The try statement 8.5 The with statement 8.6 Function definitions 8.7 Class definitions CHAPTER NINE TOP-LEVEL COMPONENTS 9.1 Complete Python programs 9.2 File input 9.3 Interactive input 9.4 Expression input CHAPTER TEN FULL GRAMMAR SPECIFICATION APPENDIX A GLOSSARY