The Public Sphere Culture and Religion in International Relations Series Editors: Yosef Lapid and Friedrich Kratochwil Published by Palgrave Macmillan: Dialogue among Civilizations: Some Exemplary Voices By Fred Dallmayr Religion in International Relations: The Return from Exile Edited by Fabio Petito and Pavlos Hatzopoulos Identity and Global Politics: Theoretical and Empirical Elaborations Edited by Patricia M. Goff and Kevin C. Dunn Reason, Culture, Religion: The Metaphysics of World Politics By Ralph Pettman Bringing Religion into International Relations By Jonathan Fox and Shmuel Sandler The Global Resurgence of Religion and the Transformation of International Relations: The Struggle for the Soul of the Twenty-First Century By Scott M. Thomas Religion, Social Practice, and Contested Hegemonies: Reconstructing the Public Sphere in Muslim Majority Societies Edited by Armando Salvatore and Mark LeVine Beyond Eurocentrism and Anarchy: Memories of International Order and Institutions By Siba N. Grovogui The Public Sphere: Liberal Modernity, Catholicism, Islam By Armando Salvatore Civilizational Identity: The Production and Reproduction of “Civilizations” in International Relations By Martin Hall and Patrick Thaddeus Jackson (forthcoming) Global Islam: Between Fundamentalism and Cosmopolitanism By Jocelyne Cesari (forthcoming) The Public Sphere Liberal Modernity, Catholicism, Islam A S rmando alvatore THEPUBLICSPHERE © Armando Salvatore,2007. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2007 978-1-4039-7473-0 All rights reserved.No part of this book may be used or reproducedin any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case ofbrief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. First published in 2007 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN™ 175 Fifth Avenue,New York,N.Y.10010 and Houndmills,Basingstoke,Hampshire,England RG21 6XS Companies and representatives throughout the world. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St.Martin’s Press,LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States,United Kingdom and other countries.Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-53548-4 I SBN 978-0-230-60495-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230604957 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Salvatore,Armando. The public sphere :liberal modernity,Catholicism,Islam / Armando Salvatore. p.cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-349-53548-4 1.Public interest.2.Common good.3.Islam and state.4.Church and state.5.Islam and justice.6.Civilization,Western.7.Civilization,Islamic. 8.Islamic sociology.I.Title. JC330.15.S24 2007 320.01(cid:2)1—dc22 2006037218 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd.,Chennai,India. First edition:July 2007 10987654321 To the memory of my father, Antonio Salvatore (1925–2006) This page intentionally left blank Contents Acknowledgments ix Introduction: The Genealogy of the Public Sphere 1 1. Religion, Civilization, and the Redefinition of Tradition 33 2. Bridging Imagination, Practice, and Discourse 69 3. The Public Reason of the Commoner 99 4. The Collective Pursuit of Public Weal 133 5. The Implosion of Traditions and the Redefinition of Common Sense 173 6. The Modern Public Sphere: Transforming Practical Reason into Prudential Communication 215 Conclusion: After Genealogy—Toward a Pluralist Theory of the Public Sphere 243 Notes 261 References 267 Index 283 This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgments Work on this manuscript started in the year 2000 in the framework of a German Habilitation thesis in Sociology at Humboldt University in Berlin. In my earlier work, I had been confronted with the problem whether Western notions of the public sphere could “apply” to the Muslim majority word. I realized that the reasons why they could not are related to the contested nature of the notion of the public sphere within the West at large, and to the crucial— though often latent—role played by Islamic traditions in the long term shaping of the concept and its related practices. I then embarked on a project linking a social and political theory problematic to a comparative historical sociology of discursive traditions in the West and in the Muslim world. I benefited from partic- ipating in a series of conferences held between 2000 and 2005 which articulated this nexus, first in Florence (European University Institute) and then in Essen (Institute for the Advanced Study in the Humanities). In this context, I owe thanks to Bo Stråth and Georg Stauth. Yet the seeds for dealing with a genealogy of the public sphere also embracing Islamic traditions were implanted in earlier activities and cooperations. I benefited in particular from participating in a “Voegelinian” working group on religion and politics at the Free University in Berlin in the mid-1990s. I am thankful to Friedemann Büttner who invited me to the group. In those years in Berlin I also took advantage from attending seminars of the working group on Islam and modernity at Wissenschaftskolleg. I thank Aziz al-Azmeh, Georges Khalil, and Gudrun Krämer. Later I also benefited from intense discussions during the 2001–2002 Summer Institute, sponsored by Wissenschaftskolleg, Berlin and funded by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Bonn, which I codirected with Dale F. Eickelman. I owe thanks to all fellows of the Summer Institute. Iam particularly happy to acknowledge the support of ISIM, Leiden, and in particular of M. Khalid Masud and Martin van Bruinessen, for granting me a visiting fellowship at a particulardelicate juncture of the preparation