cover-0 < previous page cover-0 next page > The Psychology of Criminal Conduct Theory, Research and Practice Ronald Blackburn University of Liverpool and Ashworth Hospital, Liverpool, UK This state-of-the-art book reviews the contribution of psychology to the explanation of criminal conduct and the treatment and rehabilitation of offenders. Although its primary aim is to describe the theoretical and empirical basis for clinical practice and research it also attempts to set psychological approaches in the context of criminology generally. The first half of the book covers basic concepts in criminal justice and the study of crime, and examines the nature of offending from sociological and psychiatric, as well as psychological, perspectives. Later chapters focus on major topics of particular concern to clinical practitioners. The author has included all the major conceptual, theoretical, and practice issues that are encountered in work with offenders, thus making the volume essential reading for experienced practitioners as well as students. About the Author Ronald Blackburn is currently Professor of Clinical and Forensic Psychological Studies at the University of Liverpool and Director of Research and Honorary Consultant Clinical Psychologist at Ashworth Hospital, Liverpool, UK. Previously he was Chief Psychologist at Park Lane Hospital, Liverpool and a Senior Lecturer in Clinical Psychology at the University of Aberdeen, Scotland. Most of his career has been spent working with mentally disordered offenders in the English special hospital system as a clinical practitioner, teacher and researcher. He has authored some 50 journal papers and book chapters dealing with psychological aspects of this group of offenders. < previous page cover-0 next page > file:///D|/Downloads/The%20Psychology%20of%20Criminal%20Conduct/files/cover-0.html[21.02.2011 10:37:03] page_i < previous page page_i next page > Page i The Psychology of Criminal Conduct < previous page page_i next page > file:///D|/Downloads/The%20Psychology%20of%20Criminal%20Conduct/files/page_0i.html[21.02.2011 10:37:04] page_ii < previous page page_ii next page > Page ii THE WILEY SERIES IN CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY Series Editors Fraser N. Watts MRC Applied Applied Psychology Unit Cambridge, UK J. Mark G. Williams Department of Psychology University College of North Wales, Bangor, UK Severe Learning Disability and Psychological Handicap John Clements Cognitive Psychology and Emotional Disorders J. Mark G. Williams, Fraser N. Watts, Colin MacLeod and Andrew Mathews Community Care in Practice: Servives for the Continuing Care Client Edited by Anthony Lavender and Frank Holloway Attribution Theory in Clinical Psychology Freidrich Försterling Panic Disorder: Theory, Research and Therapy Edited by Roger Baker Measuring Human Problems: A Practical Guide Edited by David Peck and C. M. Shapiro Clinical Child Psychology: Social Learning, Development and Behaviour Martin Herbert The Psychological Treatment of Insomnia Colin A. Espie The Challenge of Severe Mental Handicap: A Behaviour Analytic Approach Edited by Bob Remington Microcomputers and Clinical Psychology: Issues, Applications and Future Developments Edited by Alastair Ager Anxiety: Theory, Research and Intervention in Clinical and Health Psychology Robert J. Edelmann Innovations in the Psychological Management of Schizophrenia: Assessment, Treatment and Services Edited by Max Birchwood and Nicholas Tarrier Psychological Aspects of Depression: Toward a CognitiveInterpersonal Integration Ian H. Gotlib and Constance L. Hammen The Psychology of Criminal Conduct: Theory, Research and Practice Ronald Blackburn < previous page page_ii next page > file:///D|/Downloads/The%20Psychology%20of%20Criminal%20Conduct/files/page_0ii.html[21.02.2011 10:37:05] page_iii < previous page page_iii next page > Page iii The Psychology of Criminal Conduct Theory, Research and Practice Ronald Blackburn University of Liverpool and Ashworth Hospital, Liverpool, UK JW.GIF < previous page page_iii next page > file:///D|/Downloads/The%20Psychology%20of%20Criminal%20Conduct/files/page_0iii.html[21.02.2011 10:37:05] page_iv < previous page page_iv next page > Page iv Copyright © 1993 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Baffins Lane, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 1UD, England National 01243 779777 International (+44) 1243 779777 Reprinted February 1994, September 1996, March 1997 First published in paperback July 1995 Reprinted November 1997, July 1998, January 1999, March 2000 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced by any means, or transmitted, or translated into a machine language without the written permission of the publisher. Other Wiley Editorial Offices John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012, USA Jacaranda Wiley Ltd, 33 Park Road, Milton, Queensland 4064, Australia John Wiley & Sons (Canada) Ltd, 22 Worcester Road, Rexdale, Ontario M9W 1L1, Canada John Wiley & Sons (SEA) Pte Ltd, 37 Jalan Pemimpin #05-04, Block B, Union Industrial Building, Singapore 129809 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Blackburn, Ronald. The Psychology of criminal conduct : theory, research, and practice / Ronald Blackburn. p. cm. (The Wiley series in clinical psychology) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-471-91295-6 (ppc) 1. Criminal psychology. 2. Criminal behavior. I. Title. II. Series. HV6080.B547 1993 364.3'01'9dc20 92-23728 CIP British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data: A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0-471-91295-6 (cloth) ISBN 0-471-96175-2 (paper) Typeset in 10/12pt Palatino from author's disks by Text Processing Department, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester Printed and bound in Great Britain by Bookcraft (Bath) Ltd file:///D|/Downloads/The%20Psychology%20of%20Criminal%20Conduct/files/page_0iv.html[21.02.2011 10:37:06] page_ix < previous page page_ix next page > Page ix Preface When Fraser Watts first suggested that I write a book on antisocial behaviour for clinical psychologists it seemed like a good idea. Having taught clinically oriented courses on criminal behaviour and forensic applications of psychology to clinical trainees for several years, I had long been frustrated by the lack of a comprehensive text. Also, as a result of a growth in services for mentally disordered offenders during the past decade, the number of clinical psychologists working at the interface of the criminal justice and mental health systems is now increasing. The opportunity to correct a hiatus in the psychological literature therefore seemed timely. Had I forseen the task involved, my enthusiasm would have been muted, particularly since the resulting textbook is more ambitious in scope than was originally intended. Assembling in a single text the essential background material for clinical practitioners preparing for work with offenders confronted me squarely with the artificiality of our academic and administrative categories. Offenders diverted to mental health settings are not a distinctly defined group, either in terms of their mental health problems or their offending, and the interests and concerns of clinical psychologists working in these settings frequently coincide with those of psychologists working in penal and educational contexts. Understanding how psychological dysfunction sometimes contributes to crime also presupposes a knowledge of the many other factors involved. Moreover, there is no clear boundary between psychological approaches to crime and those of other behavioural and social scientists. In this respect, clinical psychologists working with offenders need to be applied criminologists as much as mental health specialists. The primary aim of the book remains, therefore, to summarise the theoretical and empirical basis for clinical psychological practice, but I have attempted to set this more broadly in the context of the psychology of crime. I have also made occasional forays into the territory of sociologists, lawyers, philosophers and psychiatrists, but fully acknowledge my status as amateur in these areas. Some of my conceptions are undoubtedly muddled or simplistic. However, my purpose has been to draw attention to questions which must be raised in < previous page page_ix next page > file:///D|/Downloads/The%20Psychology%20of%20Criminal%20Conduct/files/page_0ix.html[21.02.2011 10:37:07] page_v < previous page page_v next page > Page v Contents Series Editor's Preface vii Preface ix 1 Crime, Criminology, and Psychology 1 Introduction Criminal Law and the Criminal Justice System Penal Philosophies The Study of Crime Philosophy of Science and the Explanation of Crime Psychology and Criminology 2 The Measurement and Distribution of Crime 35 Introduction The Measurement of Crime The Legal Processing of Offenders Demographic Correlates of Crime Generality and Continuity in Crime and Delinquency 3 Classification of Offenders 60 Introduction Classification in Criminology Theoretically Derived Classifications Empirical Classifications Psychiatric Classification and Antisocial Behaviour Psychopathic Personality and Personality Disorder 4 Social and Environmental Theories of Crime 87 Introduction Sociological Theories file:///D|/Downloads/The%20Psychology%20of%20Criminal%20Conduct/files/page_0v.html[21.02.2011 10:37:07] page_v Learning Theories The Rational Choice Perspective Delinquency as Self-presentation 5 Individually Oriented and Integrated Theories of Crime 111 Introduction Psychoanalysis and Crime Eysenck's Theory of Criminality CognitiveDevelopmental Theory Integrated Theories 6 Biological Correlates of Antisocial Behaviour 136 Introduction Genetics and Criminality Constitutional Research Psychophysiological and Biochemical Studies Brain Dysfunction and Antisocial Behaviour < previous page page_v next page > file:///D|/Downloads/The%20Psychology%20of%20Criminal%20Conduct/files/page_0v.html[21.02.2011 10:37:07] page_vi < previous page page_vi next page > Page vi 7 Familial and Social Correlates of Crime 160 Introduction Family Patterns and Interactions School and Peer Group Influences Employment and Marriage Protective Factors 8 Personal Attributes of Offenders 185 Introduction Intelligence, Attainment, and Cognitive Functioning Self Control and Impulsivity Attitudes, Values, and Beliefs Sociocognitive and Interpersonal Skills 9 Aggression and Violent Crime 210 Introduction Defining Violence and Aggression Patterns of Violence Theories of Aggression Antecedents of Aggression Personality and Aggression The Cycle of Violence 10 Crime and Mental Disorder 246 Introduction Mental Disorder and the Medical Model The Law and Mental Disorder Mental Disorder and Crime Mental Disorder and Violence Imprisonment and Mental Health file:///D|/Downloads/The%20Psychology%20of%20Criminal%20Conduct/files/page_0vi.html[21.02.2011 10:37:08] page_vi 11 Sexual Deviation and Sexual Offending 280 Introduction Sexual Deviation Sexual Offences and Sex Offenders Theories of Sexual Deviance Exhibitionism Sexual Aggression Sexual Offences against Children 12 Forensic Psychology and the Offender 309 Introduction Psychologists and Police Investigations Psychologists and the Criminal Courts Prediction in Criminology The Clinical Prediction of Dangerousness 13 Psychological Interventions with Offenders 336 Introduction Psychological Services to Offenders Psychodynamic and Humanistic Interventions Applied Behaviour Analysis CognitiveBehaviour Modification 14 Treatment of Dangerous Offenders 367 Introduction Treatment Issues in Forensic Psychiatric Populations Treatment of Sex Offenders Interventions with Aggressive Offenders Treatment of Psychopathy and Personality Disorder 15 The Effectiveness and Ethics of Intervention 392 Introduction Primary and Secondary Prevention The "Nothing Works" Debate file:///D|/Downloads/The%20Psychology%20of%20Criminal%20Conduct/files/page_0vi.html[21.02.2011 10:37:08]