“Inthepastthirtyyears,modelingandsimulationhasundergonearevolu­ tion that has transformed this specialty into a vital discipline. Visionaries saw the potential to develop virtual environments to provide real-life training in fields such as defense and health care. And they encouraged newpathstohelpsolvecomplexproblemsthatcouldnotbeunraveledusing traditional methods.” “Dr.Tolk’sbookchroniclesthisrevolutionandcapturestheessenceofhow andwhyithappened.ItalsoacknowledgesOldDominionUniversity’srole inexpandingmodelingandsimulationwithouracademicprogramsandour research in new methods to apply this technology. We are proud to have helpedrefineafieldthatwillplayacriticalroleinthetwenty-firstcentury, and I appreciate Dr. Tolk’s recognition of this crucial discipline.” John R. Broderick President Old Dominion University In this volume, nearly three dozen experts in Modeling and Simulation (M&S)cometogethertomakeacompellingcasefortherecognitionofM&S as a profession. They do so by citing evidence of the unique body of knowledgepossessedbythosewithM&Sskills,thebroadandindispensable contributionstheymaketoscienceandindustry,thestatusofM&Sinother parts of the world, and the strong economic, educational, and ethical foundations that exist for this work. This book is important reading for anyone seeking to elevate the standing of this vital field. Alfred (Al) Grasso President & CEO TheMITRECorporation TheProfessionof ModelingandSimulation Wiley Series in Modeling and Simulation The Wiley Series in Modeling and Simulation provides an interdisciplinary and global approach to the numerous real-world applications of modeling and simulation (M&S) that arevital to business professionals, researchers, policymakers, program managers, andacademicsalike.Writtenbyrecognizedinternationalexpertsinthefield,thebooks present the best practices in the applications of M&S as well as bridge the gap betweeninnovativeandscientificallysoundapproachestosolvingreal-worldproblems and the underlying technical language of M&S research. The series successfully expandsthewayreadersviewandapproachproblemsolvinginadditiontothedesign, implementation,and evaluationofinterventions tochangebehavior.Featuringbroad coverageoftheory,concepts,andapproachesalongwithclear,intuitive,andinsightful illustrations of the applications, the Series contains books within five main topical areas: Public and Population Health; Training and Education; Operations Research, Logistics,Supply Chains, and Transportation; Homeland Security,Emergency Manage­ ment,andRiskAnalysis;andInteroperability,Composability,andFormalism. FoundingSeriesEditors: JoshuaG.Behr,OldDominionUniversity RafaelDiaz,MITGlobalScale AdvisoryEditors: HomelandSecurity,EmergencyManagement,andRiskAnalysis Interoperability,Composability,andFormalism SaikouY.Diallo,OldDominionUniversity MikelPetty,UniversityofAlabama OperationsResearch,Logistics,SupplyChains,andTransportation LooHayLee,NationalUniversityofSingapore PublicandPopulationHealth PeterS.Hovmand,WashingtonUniversityinSt.Louis BruceY.Lee,UniversityofPittsburgh TrainingandEducation ThiagoBrito,UniversityofSaoPaolo SpatialAgent-BasedSimulationModelinginPublicHealth:Design, Implementation,andApplicationsforMalariaEpidemiology byS.M.NiazArifin,GregoryR.Madey,FrankH.Collins TheDigitalPatient:AdvancingHealthcare,Research,andEducation byC.D.Combs(Editor),JohnA.Sokolowski(Editor),CatherineM.Banks(Editor) The Profession of Modeling and Simulation Discipline, Ethics, Education, Vocation, Societies, and Economics 1st Edition Edited By Andreas Tolk The MITRE Corporation, Hampton, VA, USA Tuncer Ören University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Thiseditionfirstpublished2017 2017JohnWiley&Sons,Inc Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,or transmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise, exceptaspermittedbylaw.Adviceonhowtoobtainpermissiontoreusematerialfromthistitleis availableathttp://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. TherightofAndreasTolk,TuncerÖrentobeidentifiedastheauthor(s)oftheeditorialmaterialinthis workhasbeenassertedinaccordancewithlaw. RegisteredOffice JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,USA EditorialOffice 111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,USA Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,customerservices,andmoreinformationaboutWiley productsvisitusatwww.wiley.com. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformatsandbyprint-on-demand.Somecontent thatappearsinstandardprintversionsofthisbookmaynotbeavailableinotherformats. LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty Inviewofongoingresearch,equipmentmodifications,changesingovernmentalregulations,andthe constantflowofinformationrelatingtotheuseofexperimentalreagents,equipment,anddevices,the readerisurgedtoreviewandevaluatetheinformationprovidedinthepackageinsertorinstructionsfor eachchemical,pieceofequipment,reagent,ordevicefor,amongotherthings,anychangesinthe instructionsorindicationofusageandforaddedwarningsandprecautions.Whilethepublisherand authorshaveusedtheirbesteffortsinpreparingthiswork,theymakenorepresentationsorwarranties withrespecttotheaccuracyorcompletenessofthecontentsofthisworkandspecificallydisclaimall warranties,includingwithoutlimitationanyimpliedwarrantiesofmerchantabilityorfitnessfora particularpurpose.Nowarrantymaybecreatedorextendedbysalesrepresentatives,writtensales materialsorpromotionalstatementsforthiswork.Thefactthatanorganization,website,orproductis referredtointhisworkasacitationand/orpotentialsourceoffurtherinformationdoesnotmeanthat thepublisherandauthorsendorsetheinformationorservicestheorganization,website,orproductmay provideorrecommendationsitmaymake.Thisworkissoldwiththeunderstandingthatthepublisheris notengagedinrenderingprofessionalservices.Theadviceandstrategiescontainedhereinmaynotbe suitableforyoursituation.Youshouldconsultwithaspecialistwhereappropriate.Further,readers shouldbeawarethatwebsiteslistedinthisworkmayhavechangedordisappearedbetweenwhenthis workwaswrittenandwhenitisread.Neitherthepublishernorauthorsshallbeliableforanylossof profitoranyothercommercialdamages,includingbutnotlimitedtospecial,incidental,consequential, orotherdamages. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Names:Tolk,Andreas,editor.|Ören,TuncerI.,editor. Title:Theprofessionofmodelingandsimulation:discipline,ethics, education,vocation,societies,andeconomics/editedByAndreasTolk, TuncerÖren. Description:1stedition.|Hoboken,NJ:JohnWiley&Sons,2017.|Series: Wileyseriesinmodelingandsimulation|Includesbibliographical referencesandindex.| Identifiers:LCCN2017011678(print)|LCCN2017019085(ebook)|ISBN 9781119288107(pdf)|ISBN9781119288220(epub)|ISBN9781119288084(cloth) Subjects:LCSH:Mathematics–Vocationalguidance.|Mathematicalmodels.| Computersimulation. Classification:LCCQA10.5(ebook)|LCCQA10.5.P742017(print)|DDC 331.7/615118–dc23 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2017011678 Hardback9781119288084 Coverimage:©kentoh/Gettyimages CoverdesignbyWiley Setin10.5/12.5ptWarnockPro-RegularbyThomsonDigital,Noida,India 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ThistextisdedicatedtoMr.William(Bill)F.Waite(1946–2015),whohas been a true Professional of Modeling and Simulation (M&S). He dedicated hislifetocontributetotheestablishmentoftheM&SBodyofKnowledge,was active as a servant leader in many professional M&S Societies, and was a pioneer in the Economics of M&S. He touched the lives of many scholars, students, and practitioners. He truly will be missed by all his friends and colleagues. ix Contents Foreword xiii Preface xv ListofContributors xix NotesonContributors xxiii PartI Foundation 1 1 AnIntroductiontotheFacetsoftheProfessionof ModelingandSimulation 3 AndreasTolk 2 AnIndextotheBodyofKnowledgeofSimulationSystems Engineering 11 UmutDurak,TuncerÖren,andAndreasTolk 3 CodeofEthics 35 AndreasTolk PartII Education 53 4 M&SasaProfessionandanAcademicDiscipline: AContemporaryView 55 JohnA.SokolowskiandRolandR.Mielke 5 AcademicEducationSupportingtheProfessionalLandscape 87 MargaretL.LoperandCharlesD.Turnitsa x Contents 6 TheCertifiedModelingandSimulationProfessional CertificationandExamination 109 MikelD.Petty,GregoryS.Reed,andWilliamV.Tucker PartIII Society 129 7 ModelingandSimulationSocietiesShapingtheProfession 131 RobertK.ArmstrongandSimonJ.E.Taylor 8 TheUniformedMilitaryModelingandSimulation Professional 151 RudolphP.DarkenandCurtisL.Blais 9 M&SasaProfessionandDisciplineinChina 167 LinZhang,YingnianWu,andGengjiaoYang 10 ModelingandSimulationfortheEnterprise:Integrating ApplicationDomainsfortheM&SProfessional 183 SteveSwenson,RobertM.Gravitz,andGaryM.Lightner PartIV Application 209 11 AComplexityandCreativeInnovationDynamicsPerspectiveto SustainingtheGrowthandVitalityoftheM&SProfession 211 LeventYilmaz 12 TheoryandPracticeofM&SinCyberEnvironments 223 SaurabhMittalandBernardP.Zeigler PartV Economics 265 13 FundinganAcademicSimulationProject:TheEconomics ofM&S 267 SaikouY.Diallo,ChristopherJ.Lynch,andNavonilMustafee 14 WhySpendOneMoreDollarforM&S?ObservationsontheReturn ofInvestment 287 StevenGordon,IvarOswalt,andTimCooley