98004_Fest_Davies_Prelims:Layout 1 19/12/18 15:43 Page i THE POWER OF INDIVIDUAL AND COMMUNITY IN ANCIENT ATHENS AND BEYOND ESSAYS IN HONOUR OF JOHN K. DAVIES 98004_Fest_Davies_Prelims:Layout 1 19/12/18 15:43 Page ii 98004_Fest_Davies_Prelims:Layout 1 19/12/18 15:43 Page iii T HE P I OWER OF NDIVIDUAL C AND OMMUNITY IN A A NCIENT THENS B AND EYOND E SSAYS IN HONOUR OF J K. D OHN AVIES edited by Zosia Archibald and Jan Haywood 98004_Fest_Davies_Prelims:Layout 1 19/12/18 15:43 Page iv First published in 2019 by The Classical Press of Wales 15 Rosehill Terrace, Swansea SA1 6JN Tel: +44 (0)1792 458397 www.classicalpressofwales.co.uk Distributor I. B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 6 Salem Rd, London W2 4BU, UK Tel.: +44 (0) 20 7243 1225 Fax: +44 (0) 20 7243 1226 www.ibtauris.com Distributor in North America ISD, 70 Enterprise Drive, Suite 2, Bristol, CT 06010, USA Tel: +1 (860) 584-6546 Fax: +1 (860) 516-4873 www.isdistribution.com © 2019 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. ISBN 978-1-910589-73-1 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Typeset by Louise Jones, and printed and bound in the UK by Gomer Press, Llandysul, Ceredigion, Wales ––––––––––––––––– The Classical Press of Wales, an independent venture, was founded in 1993, initially to support the work of classicists and ancient historians in Wales and their collaborators from further afield. More recently it has published work initiated by scholars internationally . While retaining a special loyalty to Wales and the Celtic countries, the Press welcomes scholarly contributions from all parts of the world. The symbol of the Press is the Red Kite. This bird, once widespread in Britain, was reduced by 1905 to some five individuals confined to a small area known as ‘The Desert of Wales’ – the upper Tywi valley. Geneticists report that the stock was saved from terminal inbreeding by the arrival of one stray female bird from Germany. After much careful protection, the Red Kite now thrives – in Wales and beyond. iv 98004_Fest_Davies_Prelims:Layout 1 19/12/18 15:43 Page v CONTENTS Page Preface vii Zosia Archibald andJan Haywood 1 Imaginary propertied families: kinship in epic poetry 1 S. C. Humphreys 2 ‘Charis, sweetest of gods’: wealth and reciprocity in Classical Athens 49 Nick Fisher 3 Herodotus and the social contexts of memory in Ancient Greece: the individual historian and his community 79 Edward M. Harris 4 From Croesus to Pausanias: tragic individuals in early Greek historiography 115 Jan Haywood 5 Euergetism and the public economy of Classical Athens: the initiative of the deme 147 Robin Osborne 6 The priesthoods of the Eteoboutadai 163 Stephen Lambert 7 Tegeas from Torone and some truths about ancient markets 177 Zosia Halina Archibald 8 At the roots of a revolution. Land ownership, citizenship and military service in Macedonia before and after Philip II 213 Manuela Mari 9 A twenty-first century Philippic 241 A. J. N. W. Prag withJ. H. Musgrave andR. A. H. Neave v 98004_Fest_Davies_Prelims:Layout 1 19/12/18 15:43 Page vi Contents 10 Apollo, the tutelary god of the Seleucids, and Demodamas of Miletus 261 Krzysztof Nawotka 11 From Xerxes to Mithridates: kings, coins and economic life at Kelainai-Apameia 285 Alain Bresson 12 John Davies, Greek historian 311 P. J. Rhodes Bibliography 317 Index of sources 325 General Index 331 vi 98004_Fest_Davies_Prelims:Layout 1 19/12/18 15:43 Page vii LIST OF FIGURES 1.1. Resource movement in a modified version of ‘household autarky’ in the ancient state: John Davies’ Model 01 (© Stanford University Press). As John has emphasised, spatial boundaries may apply to public economies, but not to real economies, so an economic model needs to reflect this (Davies 2005, 142; 143 Fig. 6.8). 1.2. Complex flows in the ancient state: John Davies’ Model 02, showing how the principal resources ‘flow’ within, between, and beyond the agents (Davies 2005, 144 Fig. 6.9; © Stanford University Press). 1.3. Interactions of the various agents involved, public and private, with the public economy – Model 03 of resource movement in John Davies’ conception of the ancient state, corresponding to the Classical period (Davies 2005, 145 Fig. 6.10; © Stanford University Press). 1.4 A ‘cantonal’ economy: Model 04 of John Davies’ ancient state economic dynamics (Davies 2005, 148 Fig. 6.12; © Stanford University Press). The thick lines represent the level of resource flow in certain sectors: JKD’s concept of ‘bandwidth’ in ancient economies. In small, ‘cantonal’ economies, there may be strong exchanges in some sectors only, the remaining flows being relatively weaker. 1.5 A temple economy: Model 05 of John Davies’ articulation of the ancient state economy (© Stanford University Press). The flows in a temple economy may again reflect the dominance of some ‘flows’ over others. In a more developed form of the model, representing the Classical state, these flows should be more varied, but also need to incorporate ‘motors’, such as public pay or intensification of land use; ‘gates’ (social or political impediments); and ‘reservoirs’ (accumulationsof resource); (Davies 2005, 149 Fig. 6.13; pp.146-52). 7.1. View of woodland in central Chalkidice, looking northwards, showing mixed stands of deciduous and coniferous trees beyond low shrubs (© Z. H. Archibald). 7.2. View looking south from Stageiros (modern Stageira) towards the Athos peninsula, showing heavily wooded slopes (© Z.H. Archibald). 9.1. The extended skeleton of the occupant of the main chamber of Tomb II at Vergina (© J. H. Musgrave). 9.2. Heat-generated flaring outwards of this subject’s left temporal and parietal bones (© J. H. Musgrave). vii 98004_Fest_Davies_Prelims:Layout 1 19/12/18 15:43 Page viii List of figures 9.3. Similar damage to the occipital and posterior portion of the left parietal bone, viewed from the right (© J. H. Musgrave). 9.4. Photocomparison of portraits of Philip II (the Vergina ivory and the Copenhagen marble, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek 2466), with the facial reconstruction of the skull from Tomb II at Vergina (© A. J. N. W.Prag, J. H. Musgrave, R. A. H. Neave). 9.5. Photocomparison of the portrait, said to be of Philip III Arrhidaios (Naples, Mus. Naz. 187 [138]), with marble head in Copenhagen (Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek 2466; © Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek). 9.6. Photocomparison of the portrait said to be of Philip III Arrhidaios (Naples, Mus. Naz. 187 [138]) with the ivory head from Vergina (© authors and Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek; Mus. Naz. Naples). 9.7. Photocomparison of the portrait said to be of Philip III Arrhidaios (Naples, Mus. Naz. 187 [138]) with the facial reconstruction of the skull from Tomb II at Vergina (© authors and Mus. Naz. Naples). 11.1. A selection of coins found at Kelainai or from the mint of Apameia (© American Numismatic Society). viii 98004_Fest_Davies_Prelims:Layout 1 19/12/18 15:43 Page ix PREFACE Zosia Archibaldand Jan Haywood John Kenyon Davies is a phenomenon as an ancient historian. Like many Classicists, who have developed their linguistic skills in a historical direction, he is equally at home in epigraphic documents as in the texts of Greek and Latin authors; but unlike many of his peers, he has never been bound by texts. He has considered them as artefacts of the historical process, objects of study that need to be integrated into a broad, conceptual and inter-disciplinary canvas, coloured as much by processes as by events; by individuals as much as by groups; and by structures as by definite places. John’s huge intellectual curiosity has enabled him to make connections between fields of study that are usually treated as distinct, and to develop a visionary approach to the study of the remote past that has assured his continuing presence at international conferences well past formal retirement, and an energy of academic production that seems unabated even beyond his eighty-first year. The essays in this volume originated around a core of papers read at a colloquium, organised in John’s honour on 5th July 2003, by Zosia Archibald and Graham Oliver, under the title: ‘The Power of the Individual’. The title of the colloquium alluded to John’s masterpiece, Athenian Propertied Families [APF], and its associated, book-length analytical discussion, Wealth and the Power of Wealth(= WATPOW, discussed further below). The aim of discussion at the colloquium was to focus on what the organisers felt was the creative value of John’s approach to historical data, namely the attempt to bring together evidence of different kinds, using a range of methods, suited to the research questions posed at a particular instance. By studying historical individuals, against the backdrop of the fluctuating fortunes of their reconstructed families, John had revealed a dimension of ancient history that was new and sufficiently particular to lend itself both to statistical and other forms of analysis.1 He had shown that discrete data, starting from records about individuals and their actions, 1Beyond the analyses that John Davies himself made from the accumulated data in APF, and published in 1981 (as WATPOW), interest in the statistical value of the data has re-emerged in the digital age. See now e.g. Kierstead and Klapaukh 2018 for a clear example (with John’s own comments, p. 566, of the same volume). ix