The Posthumous Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Volume 2. Ladies in Waiting for the Nobel Prize 1311 ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES The Posthumous Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Volume 2. Ladies in Waiting for the Nobel Prize Vera V. Mainz, Editor University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, Illinois E. Thomas Strom, Editor University of Texas at Arlington Arlington, Texas Sponsored by the ACSDivisionoftheHistoryofChemistry AmericanChemicalSociety,Washington,DC LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Names:Mainz,VeraV.,editor.|Strom,E.Thomas,editor.|American ChemicalSociety.DivisionoftheHistoryofChemistry. Title:TheposthumousNobelPrizeinchemistryVolume2. LadiesinWaitingfortheNobelPrize/VeraV.Mainz,editor, UniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-Champaign,Urbana,Illinois,/ E.ThomasStrom,editor,UniversityofTexasatArlington,Arlington,Texas; sponsoredbytheACSDivisionoftheHistoryofChemistry. Description:Washington,DC:AmericanChemicalSociety,[2018]|Series:ACS symposiumseries;1262,1311|Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. Identifiers:LCCN2017044852(print)|LCCN2017047783(ebook)|ISBN 9780841232501(ebook,v.1)|ISBN 9780841233904(ebook,v.2)| ISBN9780841232518(v.1)|ISBN9780841233911(v.2) Subjects:LCSH:Chemistry--Awards--History.|NobelPrizes--History.|Nobel Prizewinners. Classification:LCCQD39.2(ebook)|LCCQD39.2.P672017(print)|DDC 540.79--dc23 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2017044852 ThepaperusedinthispublicationmeetstheminimumrequirementsofAmericanNational Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSIZ39.48n1984. Copyright©2018AmericanChemicalSociety AllRightsReserved. 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ACSBooksDepartment Contents Preface.............................................................................................................................. ix 1. WomenScientists:AnUphillBattleforRecognition ........................................... 1 MagdolnaHargittai 2. Politics,Persecution,andthePrize: LiseMeitnerandtheDiscoveryof NuclearFission ....................................................................................................... 33 RuthLewinSime 3. MarjoryStephenson:FounderofMicrobialBiochemistry ............................... 53 M.F.Rayner-CanhamandG.W.Rayner-Canham 4. MariettaBlau:ANearbutJustifiableMiss? ...................................................... 67 VirginiaTrimble 5. IdaNoddack:ForetellerofNuclearFission ...................................................... 105 JamesL.Marshall 6. TheRemarkableLifeandWorkofKatharineBurrBlodgett(1898–1979) .... 151 MargaretE.Schott 7. ErikaCremerandtheOriginsofGas–SolidAdsorptionChromatography, 1944–1947.............................................................................................................. 183 JeffreyAllanJohnson 8. DameKathleenLonsdale:Scientist,Pacifist,PrisonReformer ...................... 199 MaureenM.JulianandMaryVirginiaOrna 9. RachelCarson: TheRightPerson,attheRightTime,withtheRight Message ................................................................................................................. 217 AmandaHofackerCoffman 10. MargueritePerey(1909–1975):DiscovererofFrancium ................................ 245 SarahS.Preston 11. RosalindFranklin:HerPathwaytoDNA ......................................................... 265 BurtronH.DavisandE.ThomasStrom 12. IsabellaKarle:CrystallographerParExcellence ............................................. 283 LouMassa vii 13. MargheritaHack:FriendoftheStars ............................................................... 295 MarcoFontaniandMaryVirginiaOrna 14. ProfessorEmeritaDarleaneChristianHoffman:DeterminationWins ......... 311 CarolineF.V.Mason Editors’Biographies .................................................................................................... 319 Indexes AuthorIndex ................................................................................................................ 323 SubjectIndex................................................................................................................ 325 viii Preface Shedidn’twriteit. Butifit’sclearshedidthedeed,. . . Shewroteit, butsheshouldn’thave. (It’spolitical, sexual, masculine, feminist.) Shewroteit,butlookwhatshewroteabout. (Thebedroom,thekitchen, herfamily. Otherwomen!) Shewroteit,butshewroteonlyoneofit. (JaneEyre. Poordear,that’s allsheever. . .) Shewroteit,butsheisn’treallyanartist,anditisn’treallyart. (It’sa thriller,aromance,achildren’sbook. It’sScifi!) Shewroteit,butshehadhelp. (RobertBrowning. BranwellBrontë. Her own“masculineside.”) Shewroteit,butshe’sananomaly. (Woolf. WithLeonard’shelp. . .) Shewroteit,BUT(1,2). . . Thesymposiumonwhichthisbookisbasedoriginatedafteroneofus(Tom Strom)organizedasuccessfulAmericanChemicalSociety(ACS)symposiumin March2016,onthePosthumousNobelPrizeinChemistry. Afterward,theother of us (Vera Mainz) pointed out that the chemists represented in that symposium anditssubsequentsymposiumvolumewere“alldeadwhiteguys.” The fact that only white men were included in the first symposium partly reflects the prevailing past (and continuing) gender imbalance in chemistry, but it also shows the power of the Matilda effect, first articulated by Matilda Joslyn Gage (Figure 1) (1826–1898) (3). The Matilda effect is an implicit bias against acknowledging the achievements of women scientists, whose work is oftenattributedtotheirmalecolleagues(4). Animplicitbiasisonewhichisnot consciousordeliberate,butneverthelessreal. The gender imbalance in the previous symposium was also noted in the on-line comments for the Chemical and Engineering News article that reported on it (6). Redressing that imbalance was the purpose of the current symposium entitled “Ladies in Waiting for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Overlooked Accomplishments of Women Chemists.” This symposium, which took place in August2017,wassponsoredbytheACSHistoryofChemistryDivision(HIST), theWomenChemistsCommittee(WCC),andACSPresidentAllisonCampbell. As we began to organize the symposium, the primary question was which womenshouldbethesubjectoftalks. Two,LiseMeitnerandRosalindFranklin, were mentioned in the on-line commentary in Chem. Eng. News and we fully agreedthattheyshouldbeincludedinthesymposium. LiseMeitner,astheEditor ix