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The Post-Soviet Russian Orthodox Church In recent years, the Russian Orthodox Church has become a more prominent part of post-Soviet Russia. A number of assumptions exist regarding the Church’s relationshipwith the Russian state: that the Churchhas always been dominated by Russia’s secular elites; that the clerics have not sufficiently fought this domination and occasionally failed to act in the Church’s best interest; and that the Church was turned into a Soviet institution during the twentieth century. This book challenges these assumptions. It demonstrates that church–state relations in post-communist Russia can be seen in a much more differentiated way, and that the Church is not subservient, very much having its own agenda. Yet at the same time it shares the state’s, and Russian society’s, nationalist vision. The book analyses the Russian Orthodox Church’s political culture, focus- ing on the Putin and Medvedev eras from 2000. It examines the upper echelons of the Moscow Patriarchate in relation to the governing elite and to Russian public opinion, explores the role of the Church in the formation of state religious policy, and the Church’s role within the Russian military. It discusses how the Moscow Patriarchate is asserting itself in former Soviet republics outside Russia, especially in Estonia, Ukraine and Belarus. It con- cludesbyre-emphasisingthat,althoughtheChurchoftenmirrorstheKremlin’s political preferences, it most definitely acts independently. Katja Richters gained her Ph.D. from the UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies, UK. She currently works as a post-doctoral researcher at the Universityof Erfurt, Germany. Routledge Contemporary Russia and Eastern Europe Series 1 LiberalNationalismin 11 ARussianFactoryEnters the CentralEurope MarketEconomy Stefan Auer ClaudioMorrison 2 Civil–Military Relations in Russia 12 DemocracyBuildingandCivil andEasternEurope Societyin Post-SovietArmenia DavidJ.Betz ArmineIshkanian 3 TheExtremeNationalistThreat 13 NATO–Russia Relationsinthe inRussia Twenty-First Century TheGrowing InfluenceofWestern AurelBraun Rightist Ideas 14 RussianMilitary Reform ThomasParland AFailedExerciseinDefence 4 EconomicDevelopment inTatarstan Decision Making GlobalMarketsandaRussianRegion CarolinaVendilPallin LeoMcCann 15 TheMultilateral Dimensionin 5 AdaptingtoRussia’sNew RussianForeignPolicy LabourMarket EditedbyElanaWilsonRoweand GenderandEmploymentStrategy StinaTorjesen EditedbySarahAshwin 16 RussianNationalism andthe 6 BuildingDemocracyandCivil NationalReassertionof Russia SocietyEastof theElbe EditedbyMarlèneLaruelle EssaysinHonourof EdmundMokrzycki 17 TheCaucasus–AnIntroduction EditedbySvenEliaeson FrederikCoene 7 TheTelengitsofSouthernSiberia 18 RadicalIslamin theFormer Landscape,ReligionandKnowledge SovietUnion inMotion EditedbyGalina AgnieszkaHalemba M.Yemelianova 8 TheDevelopment ofCapitalism 19 Russia’sEuropeanAgendaandthe inRussia Baltic States SimonClarke JaninaŠleivyte. 9 RussianTelevisionToday 20 RegionalDevelopmentinCentraland Primetime DramaandComedy EasternEurope: DavidMacFadyen Development Processesand 10 TheRebuildingofGreaterRussia PolicyChallenges Putin’sForeignPolicytowardsthe EditedbyGrzegorzGorzelak, CISCountries JohnBachtler andMaciej Bertil Nygren Sme¸tkowski 21 RussiaandEurope 30 TheRussianArmed Forcesin ReachingAgreements, Transition DiggingTrenches Economic, Geopolitical and Kjell Engelbrektand Institutional Uncertainties Bertil Nygren EditedbyRogerN.McDermott,Bertil NygrenandCarolinaVendilPallin 22 Russia’sSkinheads Exploring andRethinking 31 TheReligiousFactorinRussia’s Subcultural Lives ForeignPolicy HilaryPilkington, Alicja Curanovic´ ElenaOmel’chenkoand Al’bina Garifzianova 32 PostcommunistFilm –Russia, EasternEuropeandWorldCulture 23 TheColourRevolutionsin the MovingImagesofPostcommunism FormerSovietRepublics EditedbyLarsLyngsgaardFjord SuccessesandFailures Kristensen EditedbyDonnacha 33 RussianMultinationals ÓBeacháinand FromRegionalSupremacyto AbelPolese GlobalLead 24 RussianMassMediaandChanging AndreiPanibratov Values 34 RussianAnthropologyAfterthe EditedbyArjaRosenholm, CollapseofCommunism KaarleNordenstrengand EditedbyAlbertBaiburin, Catriona ElenaTrubina KellyandNikolaiVakhtin 25 TheHeritageofSoviet Oriental 35 ThePost-SovietRussian Studies OrthodoxChurch EditedbyMichaelKemperand Politics,CultureandGreaterRussia StephanConermann KatjaRichters 26 Religion andLanguagein 36 Lenin’sTerror Post-SovietRussia TheIdeological OriginsofEarly BrianP.Bennett Soviet State Violence 27 JewishWomenWriters inthe JamesRyan SovietUnion 37 Life inPost-Communist Eastern RinaLapidus EuropeafterEUMembership 28 ChineseMigrants inRussia, EditedbyDonnachaÓBeacháin, CentralAsiaandEasternEurope VeraSheridanandSabina Stan EditedbyFelix B.Changand 38 PowerandLegitimacy –Challenges SunnieT. Rucker-Chang fromRussia 29 Poland’sEUAccession EditedbyPer-ArneBodin, Stefan SergiuszTrzeciak Hedlund,ElenaNamli The Post-Soviet Russian Orthodox Church Politics, Culture and Greater Russia Katja Richters Firstpublished2013 byRoutledge 2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,OxonOX144RN SimultaneouslypublishedintheUSAandCanada byRoutledge 711ThirdAvenue,NewYork,NY10017 RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness ©2013KatjaRichters TherightofKatjaRichterstobeidentifiedasauthorofthisworkhasbeen assertedbyhiminaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentAct 1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedorreproducedor utilisedinanyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans,now knownorhereafterinvented,includingphotocopyingandrecording,orin anyinformationstorageorretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwriting fromthepublishers. Trademarknotice:Productorcorporatenamesmaybetrademarksor registeredtrademarks,andareusedonlyforidentificationandexplanation withoutintenttoinfringe. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Buildingjusticeinpost-transitionEurope:processesofcriminalisation withinCentralandEasternEuropeansocieties/[editedby]KayGoodall, MargaretMallochandBillMunro. p.cm.--(Routledgefrontiersofcriminaljustice;2) Includesbibliographicalreferences. 1.Crime--Europe.2.Criminaljustice,Administrationof--Europe. 3.Criminallaw--Europe.4.Lawenforcement--Europe. 5.Post-communism--Europe.I.Goodall,KayEileen.II.Malloch, MargaretS.III.Munro,Bill(WilliamG.) HV6938.5.B852012 364.943--dc23 2012003040 ISBN:978-0-415-66933-7(hbk) ISBN:978-0-203-11573-2(ebk) TypesetinTimesNewRoman byTaylor&FrancisBooks Contents List of tables viii Acknowledgements ix Abbreviations x A note on translations, transliteration and place names xi 1 Introduction 1 2 The Bases of the Social Conception and political culture: theory and practice 18 3 The ROC’s approach to other religious associations: from tradition and national identity to ‘Fundamentals of Orthodox Culture’ 36 4 The Moscow Patriarchate and the Russian Army: sharing a nationalist vision 57 5 Political and religious challenges to the Moscow Patriarchate in Estonia 75 6 The Moscow Patriarchate’s defence of its canonical territory in Ukraine 96 7 Church–State relations in post-Soviet Belarus 128 8 Conclusion 149 Notes 169 Select bibliography 204 Index 208 Tables 3.1 Numberof registered Parishes or Equivalents in Russia, 1990–2004 37 5.1 Size of the two Orthodox Churches in Estonia, 2001–2002 76 6.1 Numberof Orthodox Parishes in Ukraine, 1997–2011 97 6.2 Distribution of Believers in Ukraine in 2000 98 6.3 Size of ROC and Romanian Orthodox Church, 2010 112 7.1 Numberof Parishes or Equivalents in Belarus, 1996–2010 129 Acknowledgements This book is based on my doctoral thesis which I wrote at UCL–SSEES. Many people have helped me during my years as a Ph.D. student and since then as a post-doctoral researcher and I am verygrateful to all of them. Peter Duncan,whowasmymainsupervisoratSSEES,madeaninvaluablecontribu- tionto the success of this project. His attention to detail, extensiveknowledge and understanding for myconcerns neverceased toamazemeand aregreatly appreciated. He has also been very kind to continue discussing my research ideas with me even after I graduated. Geoffrey Hosking, who supervised me during my first year at UCL and who read the complete final draft of my dissertation, also deserves special thanks. Very useful feedback and comments were also provided at different stagesbyEdwinBacon,SergeiBogatyrev,RasmusNilsson,SebastianRimestad, Peter Sowden and Philip Walters. I am grateful for their constructive criticism, but all errors are, of course, exclusively mine. I would not have been able to write this book without the input of my interview partners. They deserve my gratitude for their time and patience when answering my questions and for sharing their views and experiences with me. Thanks to the funding provided by the UCL Graduate School, the University of London’s Central Research Fund, the British Association of Slavonic and East European Studies, and SSEES I was able to travel to Russia and elsewhere to carry out this fieldwork. In addition to this, the UCL Graduate School and SSEES as well as the Universityof Erfurt funded myattendance at international conferenceswhere I received interesting comments and encouragement. During the final year of my Ph.D., I was sponsored by the British Federation of Women Graduates, and as a post-doctoral researcher I have received financial and other support from the Graduate School ‘Religion in Modernisation Processes’ at the Uni- versityof Erfurtand the ‘ProExzellenz’ programmeof the countyof Thuringia (Germany). All this is greatly appreciated. Lastbutnotleast,IwouldliketosayawarmthankyoutoProf.Dr.Vasilios Makrides who has very generously given me the time and space to turn my thesis into this monograph.

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