The Post-Mobile Society With the spread of mobile augmented reality, it has become very diffi cult to consider digital space and physical space independently. In this book, the authors identify and discuss the state ‘second offl ine’, which refers to a real-world environment whose elements are augmented by virtual information and one in which individuals are constantly referring to the online world. Second offl ine is observed across a wide range of social contexts, and the relationship between superimposed digital online information and physical offl ine information is increasingly important. This book analyses the cooperative relationship between online and offl ine and also examines situations where there may be a confl ict between these realities. Furthermore, the authors discuss the possibility that in addition to infl uencing the physical space, the digital world actually causes some of the physical world to be lost. Offering a discussion of the implications of a post-mobile society in which second offl ine is widespread, this edited collection will be of interest to students, scholars, and practitioners working in sociology, mobile media, and cultural studies more generally. Hidenori Tomita is Professor at the Faculty of Sociology, Kansai University, Japan. Ontological Explorations Other titles in this series From One ‘Empire’ to the Next Sociological Realism Radha D’Souza Edited by Andrea M. Maccarini, Emmanuele Morandi and Riccardo Science for Humanism Prandini The recovery of human agency Charles R. Varela The Economics of Science: A Critical Realist Overview Philosophical Problems of Volume 1: Illustrations and philosophical Sustainability preliminaries Taking sustainability forward with a David Tyfi eld critical realist approach Jenneth Parker The Economics of Science: A Critical Realist Overview Dialectic and Difference Volume 2: Towards a synthesis of Dialectical critical realism and the political economy and science and grounds of justice technology studies Alan Norrie David Tyfi eld Interdisciplinarity and Climate Ontology Revisited Change Metaphysics in social and political Transforming knowledge and practice philosophy for our global future Ruth Groff Edited by Roy Bhaskar, Cheryl Frank, Karl Georg Høyer, Petter Naess and Childhoods, Real and Imagined Jenneth Parker Volume 1: An introduction to critical realism and childhood Conversations about Refl exivity studies Edited by Margaret S. Archer Priscilla Alderson Relational Sociology Naturalizing Critical Realist Social A new paradigm for the social sciences Ontology Pierpaolo Donati Tuukka Kaidesoja What’s Critical about Critical Understanding Mental Health Realism? A critical realist exploration Essays in reconstructive social theory David Pilgrim Frederic Vandenberghe Indigenist Critical Realism Integrating Knowledge through Human rights and fi rst Australians’ Interdisciplinary Research wellbeing Problems of theory and practice Gracelyn Smallwood Dominic Holland The Denial of Nature Post-Secularism, Realism and Utopia Environmental philosophy in the era Transcendence and immanence from of global capitalism Hegel to Bloch Arne Johan Vetlesen Jolyon Agar The Politics of Childhoods Real and Critical Realism, Somalia and the Imagined Diaspora Community Volume 2: Practical application of Abdullahi Haji-Abdi critical realism and childhood studies Priscilla Alderson Reality and Self Realisation: Bhaskar’s Metaphilosophical Critical Realism, Environmental Journey toward Non-dual Learning and Social-Ecological Change Emancipation Edited by Leigh Price and Heila Seo MinGyu Lotz-Sisitka The Contradictions of Love Metatheory for the 21st Century Towards a feminist-realist ontology Critical realism and integral theory of sociosexuality in dialogue Lena Gunnarsson Edited by Roy Bhaskar, Sean Esbjörn- Hargens, Nicholas Hedlund and Capitalism, Citizenship and the Arts Mervyn Hartwig of Thinking A Marxian-Aristotelian linguistic The Post-Mobile Society account From the smart/mobile to second offl ine Kathryn Dean Edited by Hidenori Tomita This page intentionally left blank The Post-Mobile Society From the smart/mobile to second offl ine Edited by Hidenori Tomita First published 2016 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2016 selection and editorial material, Hidenori Tomita; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Hidenori Tomita to be identifi ed as author of the editorial material, and of the individual authors as authors of their contributions, has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identifi cation and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Tomita, Hidenori, editor. Title: The post-mobile society : from the smart/mobile to second offl ine / edited by Hidenori Tomita. Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; NewYork, NY : Routledge, 2016. | Series: Ontological explorations | Includes index. Identifi ers: LCCN 2015042819 | ISBN 9781138904590 (hardback) | ISBN 9781315696263 (e-book) Subjects: LCSH: Information society. | Information technology—Social aspects. | Mobile computing—Social aspects. | Digital media. Classifi cation: LCC HM851 .P66935 2016 | DDC 303.48/33—dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015042819 ISBN: 978-1-138-90459-0 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-69626-3 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by Apex CoVantage, LLC Contents List of fi gures ix List of tables x Contributors xi Introduction xiv 1 What is second offl ine? 1 HIDENORI TOMITA PART I From Kafka’s letter to mobile media 11 2 Pre-history of mobile practices: genealogy of telepresence 13 KYOUNG-HWA YONNIE KIM 3 Development of mobile handsets and services on the supplier’s side 24 TOMOYUKI OKADA PART II Social life and mobile media 35 4 Mediated workplaces and work styles as second offl ine 37 KEITA MATSUSHITA 5 Second offl ine perspective on the medical fi eld 47 YUICHI KOGURE 6 Mobile media and school education 57 ERIKO UEMATSU viii Contents 7 Polyreality: sociological imagination evoked by smartphones 67 KUNIKAZU AMAGASA PART III Cultural life and mobile media 79 8 Recreation and mobile content: ‘the future of mobile content: a new “me” in rich context’ 81 KOTA ITO 9 Romantic relationships and media usage among university students 93 ICHIYO HABUCHI 10 The ‘triple junction model’ of mobile media: two dogmas of the ‘myth of communication’ 105 KENICHI FUJIMOTO PART IV Social media and mobile society 117 11 Good grief: the role of social mobile media in the 3.11 earthquake disaster in Japan 119 LARISSA HJORTH AND KYOUNG-HWA YONNIE KIM 12 Mobile media and social movements: structural change and spatial transformation of protest demonstrations 135 MASAAKI ITO 13 News exposure via social media and the fi lter bubble: do shares and retweets foster social fragmentation? 147 MORIHIRO OGASAHARA Conclusion: from ubiquitous to second offl ine: the near future of the mobile society 157 HIDENORI TOMITA Index 161 Figures 1.1 A simplifi ed representation of a ‘virtuality continuum’ 4 1.2 The Amemil app 5 2.1 Offi cial picture postcards in commemoration of the triumph of the Russo-Japanese War, published by the Meiji government in 1904 and 1905 16 3.1 Pocket Board 27 3.2 Camera phone SH-04 and former models, SH-02, SH-03; front side and back side 32 4.1 Shifts in narrow application teleworkers 39 5.1 Mixed reality surgery 51 5.2 Specialists can provide treatment advice while communicating via FaceTime and viewing CT images or other forms of medical information 54 6.1 Takagishi kindergarten classroom 64 7.1 Fieldwork site: a child-rearing support center 68 8.1 Normal communication and extremely direct communication 83 8.2 AR Yama 1000 (AR Japanese Mountain 1000) provided by MCR, LLC 86 8.3 UNLOG provided by UNLOG K.K 91 10.1 ON x OFF matrix of mobile devices’ power 106 10.2 The basic 1–2–3 model 109 10.3 Mechanisms of the 1–2–3 model 110 10.4 The triple junction model of communication 111 10.5 Introduction of external environmental factors to the mathematical model of communication 112 10.6 From a static triple junction model to a dynamic triple junction-propeller model 112 12.1 The scene at an antinuclear protest in Tokyo’s Shibuya neighbourhood 138 12.2 The scene at an antiforeigner demonstration in Tokyo’s Shin-Okubo neighbourhood 145 13.1 Hypothesized model 151