Copyright © 2018 by David I. Kertzer Maps copyright © 2018 by Laura Hartman Maestro All rights reserved. Published in the United States by Random House, an imprint and division of Penguin Random House LLC, New York. RANDOM HOUSE and the HOUSE colophon are registered trademarks of Penguin Random House LLC. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA NAMES: Kertzer, David I., author. TITLE: The pope who would be king : the exile of Pius IX and the emergence of modern Europe / David I. Kertzer. DESCRIPTION: New York : Random House, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references and index. IDENTIFIERS: LCCN 2017038825 | ISBN 9780812989915 | ISBN 9780812989922 (ebook) SUBJECTS: LCSH: Pius IX, Pope, 1792–1878. | Europe—Church history—19th century. | Europe—Politics and government—1848–1871. CLASSIFICATION: LCC BX1373 .K47 2018 | DDC 282.092—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/ 2017038825 Ebook ISBN 9780812989922 randomhousebooks.com Book design by Barbara M. Bachman, adapted for ebook Cover design: Joe Montgomery Cover photograph: Antonio D’Alessandri (1818–93), akg-images/Fototeca Gilardi v5.2 ep Contents Cover Title Page Copyright Epigraph List of Illustrations Maps Cast of Characters Prologue Part One: The Beloved Chapter 1: The Conclave Chapter 2: The Fox and the Crow Chapter 3: An Impossible Dilemma Chapter 4: Papal Magic Chapter 5: The Tide Turns Chapter 6: Fending Off Disaster Chapter 7: The Assassination Chapter 8: The Escape Part Two: The Reviled Chapter 9: The Reactionary Turn Chapter 10: Revolution Chapter 11: Pressuring the Pope Chapter 12: The Friendly Army Chapter 13: The French Attack Chapter 14: Negotiating in Bad Faith Chapter 15: Battling for Rome Chapter 16: The Conquest Chapter 17: The Occupation Part Three: The Feared Chapter 18: Applying the Brakes Chapter 19: Louis Napoleon and the Pope Chapter 20: The Unpopular Pope Chapter 21: “Those Wicked Enemies of God” Chapter 22: Returning to Rome Epilogue Dedication Acknowledgments List of Abbreviations Notes References Illustration Credits By David I. Kertzer About the Author Let lips of iron and tongues of slaves Fit welcome give thee; for her part, Rome, frowning o’er her new-made graves, Shall curse thee from her heart! —EXCERPTED FROM JOHN GREENLEAF WHITTIER, “TO PIUS IX,” 1849 1. Prince Klemens von Metternich 2. Pope Pius IX 3. Pellegrino Rossi 4. Giuseppe Mazzini 5. The popular hero Ciceruacchio 6. Charles Bonaparte 7. Giacomo Antonelli 8. Margaret Fuller 9. Pius IX 10. King Charles Albert of Sardinia 11. Terenzio Mamiani 12. Antonio Rosmini 13. The death of Pellegrino Rossi 14. Gaeta 15. Ferdinand II, King of the Two Sicilies 16. Louis Napoleon Bonaparte 17. Pietro Sterbini 18. Ciceruacchio speaks to the people 19. Felix Schwarzenberg 20. Moritz Esterházy 21. The abdication of King Charles Albert 22. Triumvirate of the Roman Republic: Carlo Armellini, Giuseppe Mazzini, and Aurelio Saffi 23. Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys, French foreign minister 24. Giuseppe Garibaldi 25. Garibaldi and his comrade-in-arms, Andrea Aguyar 26. General Charles Oudinot 27. Ferdinand de Lesseps 28. Pius IX blesses Spanish troops at Gaeta, May 26, 1849 29. Alexis de Tocqueville 30. The bombardment of Rome 31. French troops fire on Rome’s wall, June 20, 1849 32. French soldiers 33. Garibaldi with his dying wife, Anita 34. The arrest of the monk Ugo Bassi 35. General Achille Baraguey d’Hilliers 36. The patriot princess Cristina Belgiojoso