This page intentionally left blank The Politics of the Environment Ideas,Activism,Policy 2ndEdition Thecontinuousriseintheprofileoftheenvironmentinpoliticsreflectsgrowing concernthatwemaybefacingalarge-scaleecologicalcrisis.Theneweditionof thishighlyacclaimedtextbooksurveysthepoliticsoftheenvironment,providinga comprehensiveandcomparativeintroductiontoitsthreecomponents:ideas, activismandpolicy.PartIexploresenvironmentalphilosophyandgreenpolitical thought;PartIIconsiderspartiesandenvironmentalmovements;andPartIII analysespolicy-makingandenvironmentalissuesatinternational,nationalandlocal levels.Thissecondeditionhasbeenthoroughlyupdatedwithnewandrevised discussionsofmanytopicsincludingtheecologicalstate,ecologicalcitizenship, ecologicalmodernisationandtheGreensingovernmentandalsoincludesan additionalchapteron‘Globalisation,tradeandtheenvironment’.Aswellas consideringawidevarietyofexamplesfromaroundtheworld,thistextbookfeatures aglossary,guidestofurtherstudy,chaptersummariesandcriticalquestions throughout. NEILCARTER isSeniorLecturerintheDepartmentofPoliticsattheUniversityof York.Heisco-authorofHowOrganisationsMeasureSuccess:TheUseof PerformanceIndicatorsinGovernment(withRudolfKleinandPatriciaDay,1992) andjointeditorofthejournalEnvironmentalPolitics. The Politics of the Environment Ideas, Activism, Policy 2nd Edition N E I L C A R T E R DepartmentofPolitics,UniversityofYork CAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521868020 © Neil Carter 2007 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format 2007 ISBN-13 978-0-511-27647-7 eBook (Adobe Reader) ISBN-10 0-511-27647-8 eBook (Adobe Reader) ISBN-13 978-0-521-86802-0 hardback ISBN-10 0-521-86802-5 hardback ISBN-13 978-0-521-68745-4 paperback ISBN-10 0-521-68745-4 paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. To Tom and Rosa Contents List of figures pagex List of tables xi List of boxes xii Preface to the second edition xiv Acknowledgements xv Abbreviations xvi Glossary xviii 1 Introduction 1 PART1Theory:thinkingabouttheenvironment 2 Environmentalphilosophy 13 Staking out the territory 14 Holistic perspectives 19 Moral extensionism 26 Conclusion: Breaking down the anthropocentric–ecocentric divide 35 3 Greenpoliticalthought 41 The central ideas of ecologism 42 Traditional political ideologies and the green challenge 66 Neither left nor right but in front? 76 PART2Partiesandmovements:gettingfromheretothere 4 Greenparties:theriseofanewpolitics? 87 vii Contents Green party electoral performance: an overview 88 Is there a new politics? 91 The political opportunity structure and green party success 99 Whatever happened to the environment? 109 New challenges 110 Conclusion 112 5Partypoliticsandtheenvironment 115 Green parties in parliament 116 The ‘greening’of established parties 127 Explaining party politicisation 138 Conclusion 140 6Environmentalgroups 143 The environmental movement: an audit 144 A typology of environmental groups 146 The institutionalisation of the environmental movement 148 The resurgence of grassroots environmentalism? 155 A new civic politics? 160 The impact of the environmental movement 164 Conclusion 168 PART3Environmentalpolicy:achievingasustainablesociety 7Theenvironmentasapolicyproblem 173 Core characteristics of the environment as a policy problem 174 The traditional policy paradigm 181 Political obstacles to change 182 Achieving policy change 190 Conclusion 204 8Sustainabledevelopmentandecologicalmodernisation 207 Sustainable development 208 Ecological modernisation: the practical solution? 227 Conclusion 237 9Globalenvironmentalpolitics 241 The paradox of international co-operation 243 Environmental regimes: the ozone and climate change treaties 245 Accounting for regimes 256 Regime implementation 261 Global environmental politics and sustainable development 265 Conclusion 268 10 Globalisation,tradeandtheenvironment 271 Globalisation and the environment 272 viii