ThePoliticalGeographyofInequality RegionsandRedistribution Thisbookisastudyofredistributionandinequalityinpoliticalunions.It addressestwoquestions:whysomepoliticalsystemshavemorecentralized systemsofinterpersonalredistributionthanothers,andwhysomepolitical unions make larger efforts to equalize resources among their constituent units than others. This book presents a new theory of the origin of fis- calstructuresinsystemswithseverallevelsofgovernment.Theargument pointstotwomajorfactorstoaccountforthevariationinredistribution: theinterplaybetweeneconomicgeographyandpoliticalrepresentationon theonehand,andthescopeofinterregionaleconomicexternalitiesonthe other. To test the empirical implications derived from the argument, the bookreliesonin-depthstudiesofthechoiceoffiscalstructuresinunionsas diverseastheEuropeanUnion,Canada,andtheUnitedStatesintheafter- math of the Great Depression; Germany before and after reunification; andSpainafterthetransitiontodemocracy. Pablo Beramendi is an Associate Professor of Political Science at Duke University.Hisresearchfocusesonthepoliticaleconomyofredistribution andinequality.Previously,hehastaughtattheMaxwellSchoolofSyracuse UniversityandintheDepartmentofPoliticsattheUniversityofOxford. HeisalsoaresearchassociateattheJuanMarchInstitute(Madrid)anda formerresearchFellowattheScienceCenter(Berlin).Amonghispublished worksarearticlesonthedeterminantsoftaxationandinequality;therole of inequality in shaping electoral turnout; and the relationship between federalism,inequality,andredistribution. Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics GeneralEditor MargaretLevi UniversityofWashington,Seattle AssistantGeneralEditors KathleenThelen MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology ErikWibbels DukeUniversity AssociateEditors RobertH.Bates HarvardUniversity StephenHanson UniversityofWashington,Seattle TorbenIversen HarvardUniversity StathisKalyvas YaleUniversity PeterLange DukeUniversity HelenMilner PrincetonUniversity FrancesRosenbluth YaleUniversity SusanStokes YaleUniversity SidneyTarrow CornellUniversity OtherBooksintheSeries David Austen-Smith, Jeffry A. Frieden, Miriam A. Golden, Karl Ove Moene, and Adam Przeworski, eds., Selected Works of Michael Wallerstein: The PoliticalEconomyofInequality,Unions,andSocialDemocracy AndyBaker,TheMarketandtheMassesinLatinAmerica:PolicyReformand ConsumptioninLiberalizingEconomies LisaBaldez,WhyWomenProtest:Women’sMovementsinChile StefanoBartolini,ThePoliticalMobilizationoftheEuropeanLeft,1860–1980: TheClassCleavage RobertBates,WhenThingsFellApart:StateFailureinLate-CenturyAfrica MarkBeissinger,NationalistMobilizationandtheCollapseoftheSovietState NancyBermeo,ed.,UnemploymentintheNewEurope CarlesBoix,DemocracyandRedistribution Carles Boix, Political Parties, Growth, and Equality: Conservative and Social DemocraticEconomicStrategiesintheWorldEconomy ContinuedaftertheIndex The Political Geography of Inequality Regions and Redistribution PABLO BERAMENDI DukeUniversity cambridgeuniversitypress Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown, Singapore,Sa˜oPaulo,Delhi,MexicoCity CambridgeUniversityPress 32AvenueoftheAmericas,NewYork,ny10013-2473,usa www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/978117008137 (cid:2)C PabloBeramendi 2012 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2012 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica AcatalogrecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationdata Beramendi,Pablo. Thepoliticalgeographyofinequality:regionsandredistribution/PabloBeramendi. p. cm.–(Cambridgestudiesincomparativepolitics) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. isbn978-1-107-00813-7(hardback)–isbn978-1-107-40046-7(pbk.) 1.Regionalism. 2.Equality. 3.EuropeanUnioncountries–Economicconditions–Regional disparities. 4.NorthAmerica–Economicconditions–Regionaldisparities. 5.Comparative government. I.Title. II.Series. jf197.b47 2011 320.01(cid:3)1–dc22 2011010908 isbn978-1-107-00813-7Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyofurlsfor externalorthird-partyInternetWebsitesreferredtointhispublicationanddoesnotguarantee thatanycontentonsuchWebsitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. To Marta, for the hours stolen