The planetary interest The planetary interest: A new concept for the global age Kennedy Graham (Editor) This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2004. © Kennedy Graham 1999 This book is copyright under the Berne Convention. No reproduction without permission. All rights reserved. First published in 1999 by UCL Press UCL Press Limited 1 Gunpowder Square London EC4A 3DE UK The name of University College London (UCL) is a registered trade mark used by UCL Press with the consent of the owner. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data are available ISBN 0-203-21409-9 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-27074-6 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN: 1-85728-892-0 HB 1-85728-893-9 PB There are worlds on which life has never arisen. There are worlds that have been charred and ruined by cosmic catastrophes. We are fortunate we are alive; we are powerful; the welfare of our civilization and our species is in our hands. If we do not speak for Earth, who will? Carl Sagan, Cosmos, 1980 Contents List of tables and figures ix Notes on authors xi Acknowledgements xviii Glossary xx Foreword Kofi A.Annan xxiii Preface Kennedy Graham xxv Part 1 Introduction 1 1 The planetary interest Kennedy Graham 3 2 Legitimacy in twenty-first century politics Gwyn Prins 15 3 The legitimate national interest and legitimate global power Kennedy Graham 21 Part 2 The vital planetary interest and the legitimate national interest 29 Section I Global strategic security 31 4 Nuclear disarmament 39 4.1 Introduction 39 4.2 New Zealand David Lange 48 4.3 The Russian Federation Andrei Kozyrev 54 5 Chemical and biological disarmament 63 5.1 Introduction 63 5.2 Jordan Toujan Faisal 67 5.3 Israel Naomi Chazan 74 Section II Global environmental integrity 81 6 Ozone protection 87 6.1 Introduction 87 6.2 Argentina Dante Caputo 92 6.3 Japan Koji Kakizawa 99 viii Contents 7 Climate stabilization 105 7.1 Introduction 105 7.2 The Maldives Ibrahim Hussain Zaki 115 7.3 China Qian Yi 122 Section III Global sustainability 129 8 Population stabilization 139 8.1 Introduction 139 8.2 India Margaret Alva 144 8.3 Australia Margaret Reynolds 151 9 Development 159 9.1 Introduction 159 9.2 Bangladesh Abdul Moyeen Khan 168 9.3 Kenya Charity Kaluki Ngilu 176 10 Forest management 185 10.1 Introduction 185 10.2 Indonesia Theo Sambuaga 189 10.3 Brazil Fabio Feldmann 196 11 Consumption 203 11.1 Introduction 203 11.2 United States Claudine Schneider 208 11.3 Sweden Lena Klevenås 217 Part 3 The vital planetary interest and legitimate global power 227 12 Global powers: Earth’s planetary interest Shridath Ramphal 229 13 Global and regional powers: Europe’s regional interest Emma Bonino 241 14 Global and national powers: Britain’s national interest Michael Marshall 247 15 Global and local powers: Rome’s municipal interest Francesco Rutelli 257 Part 4 Conclusion 267 16 The planetary interest: thoughts for the future Kennedy Graham 269 Bibliography 275 Index 282 List of tables and figures TABLES Table 4.3.1 Strategic forces reduction plans: United States 56 Table 5.1.1 Political commitment to eliminating weapons of mass destruction in the Middle East 65 Table 5.3.1 Air-to-surface missile launching capabilities in the Middle East 76 Table 5.3.2 Surface-to-surface missile launching capabilities in the Middle East 76 Table II.1 Opinion survey on the environment: selected countries 84 Table 6.1.1 Phase-out regime of ozone-depleting substances 89 Table 6.1.2 Contributions to the ozone multilateral fund 89 Table 6.2.1 Argentina: consumption of ozone-depleting substances, 1986–92 94 Table 6.2.2 Argentina: phase-out regime, 1996–2006 95 Table 7.1.1 Greenhouse gases: anthropogenic emissions and concentrations 106 Table 7.1.2 Carbon dioxide: annual average anthropogenic carbon budget, 1980–89 106 Table 7.1.3 Atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide 107 Table 7.1.4 GHG emission performance of the Climate Change Convention reporting parties, 1990–2000 110 Table 7.1.5 Global carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel burning 111 Table 7.1.6 Kyoto Protocol: differentiated obligations for GHG reductions by 2012 111 Table 7.1.7 GHG anthropogenic emissions: major countries 111 Table 7.1.8 Negotiating proposals at UNFCCC-COP3 (Kyoto): proposals for co reductions 113 2 Table 7.3.1 Simulated changes in China’s climate with a doubling of co 122 2 Table 7.3.2 Carbon emissions from fossil fuel burning (1995): selected countries 128 Table III.1 Earth’s land surface 131 Table III.2 Ecological footprint analysis: selected nations 133–4 Table III.3 Selected countries: basic lifestyle indicators 135 Table 8.1.1 Global population projection: 2000–2150 139 Table 8.1.2 Global population programme: estimated annual cost of implementation 141 Table 8.2.1 Population assistance (ODA) to India: 1985–94 149 Table 8.2.2 Population assistance (ODA) to India: 1995–6 149 Table 9.1.1 Estimated annual costs of basic human needs: 1993–2000 163 Table 9.1.2 ODA performance of DAC countries: selected years 165 Table 9.3.1 Kenya: official development assistance: 1984–96 181 Table 10.1.1 Forest coverage and roundwood production: 1980–89 185 Table 10.1.2 Sustainable forests: the annual global cost: 1993–2000 187 Table 11.1.1 Consumption and consumption-related levels: the North-South divide 205 Table 11.1.2 Consumption-adjusted population: selected countries, 1990 205 Table 11.1.3 Waste generated by the North: late 1980s 206 Table 15.1 City development index: ranking for 236 cities 259