The Text of the Treatise In the Name of Allaah, Full of Mercy, Ever-Merciful to His (Believing) Servants (1) This is a book which the Shaikh, the Imaam, the ’Allaamah, the Shaikh of Islaam and the Muftee of the Muslims, Aboo ’Abdullaah Muhammad the son of Aboo Bakr - better known as Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah - may Allaah the Exalted have mercy upon him, sent to one of his brothers. He said: BLESSING LIES IN GIVING ADVICE AND TEACHING (2) (cid:147)Allaah is the One I ask and for Whose reply I hope: that He is benevolent to the brother in this life and the hereafter, that He brings about benefit by him and makes him blessed wherever he may be. Verily the blessing of a man lies in his teaching of goodness wherever he may be and his giving of advice to everyone he meets. Allaah, the Exalted said, informing about al-Maseeh (i.e., Jesus) (υ): And He made me blessed wherever I may be. [Soorah Maryam (19):31]. Meaning, (cid:145)A teacher of goodness, a caller to Allaah, one who reminds (others) of Him and who exhorts them to His obedience.(cid:146) So this is from the blessing of a man. (3) Whoever is devoid of these (characteristics) is devoid of blessing and so the blessing of meeting such a person and spending 1 time with him is removed. In fact, the blessing of the one who meets him and spends time with him will also be removed if he should waste time in merely talking about occurrences and events, thus corrupting the heart. [refer to the chapter one: The Sound Heart] (4) Every harm that enters upon a servant, is caused by the heart’s corruption. The corruption of the heart in turn brings about the removal of the heart’s right upon Allaah, the Exalted, and a diminution of its degree and rank in the sight of Allaah. For this reason, some of the shaikhs advised with their saying, (cid:147)Be cautious of (the) mixing with a person which will cause wastage of time and corruption of the heart. For verily, when time is wasted and the heart is corrupted, all of the affairs of the servant will become ruined,1 (cid:145)and he will be of those about whom Allaah, the Exalted, said: And obey not him whose heart We have made heedless of Our Remembrance, one who follows his own lusts and whose affair has been lost and wasted. [Soorah al-Kahf (18):28]. THE PUNISHMENT FOR HEEDLESSNESS (5) Whoever reflects upon the nature and the state of creation will find that, excepting a very small number, all of them are of those whose hearts are unmindful of the remembrance of Allaah, the Exalted; those who have followed their desires and whose affairs and well-being have become a ruin. This means that they have neglected what will benefit them and bring about their well-being. They occupy themselves with what does not benefit them - rather, with what brings harm upon them in this life and the next. (6) It is such people that Allaah, free from all imperfection, ordered His Messenger not to obey. Obedience to the Messenger cannot be perfected unless obedience is denied to such people, because they call only to that which causes difficulties and hardships, such as following desires and being heedless of Allaah’s remembrance. When unmindfulness of Allaah’s remembrance and the home of the Hereafter is coupled with following of desires, then every evil is 1 Refer to Chapter Thirteen: Ibn al-Qayyim on Making Use of One’s Time in Changing Evil into Good. 2 produced thereby and very frequently one of them is found combined with the other. (7) Whoever contemplates the corruption of the world, both the general and the specific, will find that it emanates from these two principles. (8) Heedlessness comes between a servant and his conceiving the truth, becoming acquainted with it and having knowledge of it. Therefore, because of this he becomes of those who are astray (daalleen). (9) Following of desires prevents him from seeking the truth, desiring it and following it. Therefore he becomes of those with whom Allaah is angry (maghdoobi ’alaihim). (10) As for those who have been favoured (by Allaah), they are the ones to whom Allaah has been bountiful by granting them the realisation of the truth in terms of knowledge,2 in complying with it and preferring it as a mode of conduct over whatever is besides it. These are the ones who are upon the path of safety and those besides them are upon the path of destruction. (11) For this reason Allaah, free from all imperfection, has ordered that we say numerous times, in the day and night: Guide us upon the Straight Way. The Way of those on whom You have bestowed Your Grace, not (the way) of those who earned Your Anger (such as the Jews), nor of those who went astray (such as the Christians). [Soorah al-Faatihah (1):7]. (12) The servant is in the greatest need of being knowledgeable of what will benefit him in this life and the hereafter, that he prefers and chooses what benefits him and avoids what harms him. By both of these things he is guided to the Straight Way. (13) If the knowledge of this passes him by he will be treading the path of those who are astray. If his desiring it (i.e., the truth) and 2 Refer to Chapter Two: The Ways of Attaining Knowledge. 3 following it is lost, he will be treading the path of those upon whom is (Allaah’s) anger. (14) By this (explanation) you will realise the extent and scope of this mighty supplication, the intense need for it and the dependence of the happiness of this life and the hereafter upon it. THE SERVANT’S EXTREME NEED FOR GUIDANCE (15) The servant is in need of guidance,3 at every moment and in every breath, in everything that happens to him and passes him by, for he is in the midst of many matters from which he cannot separate himself: (i) Matters in which he found himself because of ignorance, rather than guidance, so he is in need of seeking guidance to the truth with respect to these. (ii) Matters in which he knows the guidance, but did not act upon it in the proper manner, so he is in need of repenting from them. (iii) There are matters concerning which he did not know the aspect of guidance in them, neither in terms of knowledge nor action. Thus 3 Ibn al Qayyim said, (cid:147)Guidance) hidaayah) is: a) Elucidation (bayaan) and Indication (dalaalah) (to the path), then b) b) Success (tawfeeq) and Inspiration (ilhaarn) (in following the path), and this comes after (the guidance of) elucidation and indication. There is no way to elucidation and indication except by means of the Messengers. So when elucidation, indication and acquaintance (of the path) has been obtained, there will occur, as a result of this the guidance of success (in following the path), the placing of faith (eemaan) in the heart and its beautification and endearment to it, making it (the heart) prefer eemaan, be pleased with it and aspire for it. There are two independent and distinct (types of) guidance. Success and prosperity cannot be gained except by them. They both contain the knowledge and acquaintance of that which we do not know of the truth, in both a general and specific sense, as well as our being inspired to the truth and being made to desire following it inwardly and outwardly. Then (they contain) the creation of the capability for us (by Allaah) to perform the requirements of this guidance with respect to speech, action and firm resolution. (Then after all of this), being made to remain firm and established upon it until death. It is from the above that this extreme need of the servant for making this supplication is above every other need.(cid:148) Madaarijus Saalikeen, p.32. 4 guidance to both knowledge and acquaintance with them, the desire for them and acting upon them has passed him by. (iv) There are matters in which he has been guided in one aspect but not in others, so he is in need of perfect and complete guidance with respect to them. Or matters for which he has been guided to their foundations but not -to their particular details, so he is need of a specific guidance (to those particular details). (v) There are matters to which he has been guided but he is in need of further guidance with respect to them since guidance to the path is one thing, but guidance upon the path is something else. Do we not see that a man knows the path to a certain city, that the path is such and such. However, he is not capable of traversing this path because traversing it requires specific guidance in the journey itself, such as travelling at a certain time as opposed to another, taking a certain amount of water in such and such a desert, resting at this place as opposed to that one. All of this is guidance upon the journey. The one who (merely) knows that this is the path neglects all of this, perishes and is cut off from the desired goal.4 (vi) Likewise there are matters for which he is in need of guidance in the future, similar to (the guidance) that he obtained in the past. (vii) Matters for which he does not have belief concerning their truthfulness or falsehood and thus he is need of guidance as to what is correct regarding them. (viii) Matters with respect to which he believes he is upon guidance but, in reality, is upon misguidance and does not realise. He is in 4 The Messenger of Allaah (ρ) said, (cid:147)Indeed the Children of Israa’eel split up into seventy-one sects and my Ummah will split up into seventy-three, all of them are in the Fire except one. (cid:145)It was said, What is the one?(cid:146) He said, (cid:147)That which I and my Companions are upon.(cid:148) Reported by at-Tirmidhee (no. 2792), al-Haakim (1/128~129), al-Laalikaa’ee (no. 147) and others from ’Abdullaah ibn ’Amr ibn al-’Aas (τ). Abul-’Aaliyah (d. 90H) said, "Allaah has bestowed upon me two favours, I do not know which of them is more superior. That He guided me to Islaam or that He did not make me a Harooree (one of the sects of innovation)." Reported by al- Laalikaa’ee (no. 230). And Yoosuf ibn Asbaat said, "My father used to be a Qadaree and my (maternal) uncles used to Raafidees-then Allaah saved me through Sufyaan." Al-Laalikaa’ee in Sharh Usoolul-I’tiqaad (no. 32). 5 need of being taken away from that (false) belief by guidance from Allaah. (xi) Matters which he has acted upon due to guidance so that he is in need of guiding others towards them, directing them and advising them. His neglect of this causes a similar level of (his own) guidance to be lost. AND MAKE US LEADERS FOR THE PIOUS (16) When it is known that guiding people, teaching them and advising them opens up a door of guidance for an individual -since the reward for an action is its like - every time he guides someone and teaches him, then Allaah will (further) guide him and teach him. Therefore, he will become a guide and guided, as occurs in the supplication of the Messenger of Allaah (ρ) which has been reported by at-Tirmidhee5 and others, (cid:147)O Allaah, beautify us with the adornment of eemaan, make us guides (for others), guided, not astray, leading others astray, peaceful to Your close friends (awliyaa), warring with Your enemies. With Your love do we love those who love You and with Your enmity do we show enmity to those who oppose You.(cid:148) (17) Allaah, free from all imperfections, praised his believing servants who ask Him to make them leaders who are sought as examples upon guidance. Allaah, the Exalted, said regarding their description: And those who say, (cid:147)Our Lord! Bestow on us wives and offspring who will be the comfort of our eyes6, and make us 5 Its wording in Tuhfatul Ahwadhee (9/370) is" ,O Allaah! Make us guides (for others), guided, not astray leading others astray, peaceful to Your close friends (awliyaa), warring with Your enemies. With Your love do we love those who love You and with Your enmity do we show enmity to those who oppose You." At- Tirmidhee said, "This is a ghareeb hadeeth, we do not know the likes of this from the hadeeth of Ibn Abee Laylaa except from this route." Al-Mubaarakfooree said (9/367) about Ibn Abee Laylaa, "He is Muhammad ibn ’Abdur-Rahmaan Ibn Abee Laylaa al- Ansaaree, al-Koofee, al-Qaadee. He is truthful, but has very poor memory." Shaikh al- Albaanee declared it Da’eeful-Isnaad,’ (weak) Da’eef Sunanit-Tirmidhee (678/3659). 6 At-Tabaree said, (cid:145)Upon that which is a comfort to our eyes in that You cause us to see them performing actions of obedience to You.(cid:146) 6 an Imaam (leader/guide) for the pious (Muttaqoon).(cid:148) [Soorah al-Furqaan (25):74]. (18) Ibn Abbaas said (in explanation of this aayah), (cid:147)Following our example upon goodness.(cid:148) Aboo Saalih said, (cid:147)Being guided by our example.(cid:148) Makhool said, (cid:147)Scholars in (delivering) verdict, the pious guide themselves by our example.(cid:148) Mujaahid said, (cid:147)Make us follow the example of the pious, guiding ourselves by them.(cid:148) (19) This explanation (of Mujaahid) has caused difficulty for the one who does not know the greatness of the understanding of the Salaf and the depth of their knowledge and who says, (cid:147)It is necessary for this aayah with this saying to be turned around, in agreement with the meaning, (cid:145)Make the pious (muttaqoon) our leaders.(cid:146) (20) Refuge is from Allaah that something should be turned on its face. But this is from the perfect understanding of Mujaahid, for no man can be an Imaam (leader) for the pious until he (himself) follows the example of the pious (in their taqwaa). So Mujaahid made an indication to this aspect (of the meaning) by which they obtain this desired goal (of being leaders) - and that is by seeking the pious (muttaqoon) of the Salaf before them as (models of) guidance so that Allaah (in turn) will make them leaders (of guidance) for the pious after them. This is the most excellent and most delicate of meanings in the Qur’aan, and it has nothing to do with turning (the meaning) around whatsoever. (21) So the one who follows the example of the Ahlus-Sunnah who were before him, will be one whose example is followed after him, or by those who are with him. (22) Allaah, free from all imperfections, made the word (cid:145)Imaam(cid:146) singlular (in the aayah) and did not say, (cid:147)And make us leaders (A(cid:145)immah) for the pious.(cid:148) Then it is said, (cid:145)Imaam in this aayah is the plural of (cid:145)aam,(cid:146) similar to (cid:145)sihaab(cid:146) the plural of (cid:145)saahib,(cid:146) and this is the saying of al-Akhfash, and it is far (from what is correct) and is not from (what is) well-known and famous from the language, such that it should be used to interpret the Qur’aan. (23) Others have said, (cid:145)Imaam(cid:146) here is a verbal noun, not a proper noun. It is said, (cid:145)He led with a leadership,(cid:146) (amma imaaman), similar to, (cid:145)He fasted a fast,(cid:146) (saama siyaaman) and (cid:145)He stood a 7 standing,(cid:146) (qaama qiyaaman) and so the meaning would be, (cid:145)Make us possessors of leadership,(cid:146)-but this saying is weaker than the previous one. (24) Al-Farraa(cid:145) said, (cid:147)He said, (cid:145)As a leader (Imaaman)(cid:146) and did not say, (cid:145)As leaders (A’immatan),(cid:146) just like in His saying: Verily, we are a messenger of the Lord of the Worlds. [Soorah Shu(cid:146)araa (26):16]. He did not say, (cid:145)... two messengers of the Lord of the Worlds.(cid:146) And this is in the singular by which the plural form is meant, such as in the saying of the poet: O my (female) rebukers! Do not increase in censuring me Verily, the rebukers are not my leader meaning, (cid:145)they are not my leaders(cid:146) and this is the best of the sayings save that it is in need of further clarification. That is, the muttaqoon, all of them, are upon a single way, their deity is one, they are followers of one Book, one Prophet and they are the servants of one Lord. Therefore, their religion is one religion, their Prophet is one prophet, their Book is one book and their deity is one deity. (25) So it is as if they were all a single leader (Imaam) for whoever comes after them. They are not like the opposing leaders (at variance with one another), those whose ways, schools of thought and beliefs are at variance. Therefore, following their example occurs by following what they (the Allaah-fearing from the Salaf) were upon, and that is but a single thing, and that is the leader (Imaam) in reality.7 7 i.e., they were all upon one and the same way. So even though they were numerous in number, they are leaders upon one and the same thing and so are like a single (unified) leader upon that way. 8 LEADERSHIP COMES BY PATIENCE AND CERTAINTY (26) And He, free from all imperfections, has informed us that this leadership is obtained by patience (sabr) and certainty (yaqeen) for He, the Exalted said: And We made from among them, leaders, giving guidance under Our Command, when they were patient and believed with certainty in Our Signs. [Soorah as-Sajdah (32):24] Therefore, it is by patience and certainty that leadership in the religion is obtained. (27) It is said that it is (cid:145)Patience (in keeping) away from the world (by being occupied in worship),(cid:146) and it is said, (cid:145)Patience in the face of trials,(cid:146) and it is also said, (cid:145)Patience in keeping away from the forbidden things.(cid:146) (cid:145)However, what is correct is that leadership is obtained by patience in all of this, patience in fulfilling the obligatory duties of Allaah, patience in avoiding His prohibitions and patience over the decrees (of Allaah). (28) Allaah put both patience and certainty together since they are both (the source of) the happiness of the servant. Losing them both makes him lose his happiness. The heart is invaded by the various calamities of desires and lusts (shahawaat) which are in opposition to the command of Allaah, and also by the calamities of doubts which are in opposition to His goodness. (29) Therefore, by patience, the desires and lusts are repelled and with certainty, the doubts are repelled. The desire (shahwah) and the doubt (shubhah) are in opposition to the religion from every single aspect. None will be saved from the punishment of Allaah except the one who repelled his desires with patience and his doubts with his certainty. (30) This is why Allaah, free from all imperfection, informed about the loss and ruin of the actions of the people of doubts, lusts and desires: Like those before you, they were mightier than you in power, and more abundant in wealth and children. They had enjoyed their portion awhile, so enjoy your portion awhile as those 9