ALSO BY JAMES MILLER "Demcorcya Isi nth eS treets" FromP ort Hutroothn eS iegoefC hicgao RoussaeuD:re amerD emofo cracy Histryo aHnudm aEnx iscteen­ From MatrxoM erlaeu-Ponty The-- -- PASSION of MICHEL FOUCAULT JamesM iller Simon & Schusetr NewY orkL ondoTno ronto SydneTyo kyoS ingapore SIMON& SCHUSTER Simo&n S chusBtueirl ding RockefeClelnetre r 1320A venoufet hAem ericas NewY orNke,w Y or1k0 020 Copyr©i g1h99t3b yJ ameEs.M iller Alrli ghrtess erved inclutdhireni gg ohfrt e production inw holoeri np aritna nyfo rm. SIMO&N SCHUTSERa ndc olopahrorene gisttreardeedm arks ofS imo&n S chusItnecr. DesigbnyeP deL io Kio ay Manufactiuntr heUedn itSetda otefAs m erica 1 3 5 71 0 89 6 4 2 LibroafrC yo ngress CianPt uabllogiicDnaagtt iiasoa nv ailable ISB0N-:6 176-9550-9 Parotfs" BeC ruefilr!s"at p peaarse" dCa rnivoafAl tsr ocFiotuyc:a Nuilett,z ,s che CrueltPyo"l iiTtnhi ecoaCrylo, p yrig1h9t9 S0©a gPeu blicaItcni.ro,en psr,i bnyt ed permisPsairootnf"s. T hSee croefat M sa nfi"r satp peairnSe adl maguCnodpiy,r ight © 1990b yS kidmCoorlel ege, brype eprrmiinstPseaidro otnf"s. T hHee aLrati Bda re" firsatp peairnGe rda nSdt reCeotp,y r©i g1h9t19N ewY orFko undaftoitroh nAe r ts, Icn,.G ranSdt reetr ePprreisbnsytp, ee dr mission. Thee xcerfrpotm"s eL m ortel paarntde nfra"oiPmra er"tf aogrem, e#"lXX IIb,oh tb y RenCeh a,frr omC harS'esu ldeesm euarnednL tap aroelnae r chiaprreeel p,r ibnyt ed permisosfEi doint iGoanlsl imCaorpdy.r© i gEhdti tiGoanlsl im1a49r5ad n d1 962. Thee xcefrropmt "BTeDo o nwei tthh Jeu dgmoefnG to d"A bnyto nAirnt afruodm, ArtauSde'lseW crtietdii nsrg esp,r ibnypt eerdm isosfGi eoonr Bgoersc haIrndCcto.,p y­ righEtd©i tiGoanlsl im1a9r5d16 69,1 1,69 41,9 61669,7 1,9 61979,0 1,79 11,79 4; translCaotpiyor©ni g1h79t6 b y FaSrtrraarau,ns dG iruox. C O N T E N T S Prefac5e 1 THE DEATH OF THE AUTHOR 13 2 WAITINGF OR GODOT 37 3 THE HEART LAIDB ARE 66 4 THE CASTLEO F MURDERS 94 5 INT HE LABYRINTH 123 6 BE CRUEL! 156 7 AN ART OF UNBEARABLES ENSATIONS2 08 8 THE WILLT O KNOW 245 9 THE DISTANTR OAR OF BATTLE 285 10 THE SCRIPTINOGF THE SELF 319 11 THE SECRETSO F A MAN 354 Postscri37p5t AN oteS oocunera sn Tdra nsliaotn3s87 AbbreviioatUnsse idnN ote3s9 1 Note3s9 3 Acknoewgdlmen4t6s5 Inde4x71 PR EFA C E Thibso koi sn oatb iographtyh,uo ghi no ulitne it fotlhlceoh wsro noglyo ofM icheFlou caul'st life;n or isi ta comprehenssuivrevyeo fh isw orks, alhtoughi t dooffeersa ni nterprettiaoonfa g retam any ofh ist extIsti. ,s rathera, n arrativaecc ountof o nem an's lifesltornuggg lteo h onor Nietzsec'shg nomiicnj unctio"nt,bo e comweh ato ne is." Througah bleonfad ne cdoatnede xegesIhi asev,a pproacheFdou cault's writinagsi fi tex presasp eodw erfudle sitroer ealaic zeer tafoinrm ofli e;f andh ilsi efa si fi t embodsiuesdt aaia nnedpd a rtlilsay uccessefufoflr t to tumt hidse sire irneiattloy I.n at hsep iroifat n i nvesgtatiivjeo urniasltI, haevg atheriendfo rmataiboonuv atri ouass pecotfFs o ucual'stl ieft hath aev beehn ihtertou ndocunmteeadn ,d therelaforgreley,u nxeamineIdn.t he spiriotfa ni ntellechtiusatalon riI,h aevs ketchtehdbe ro adecru ltuaranld social cownittheixwnth ich ltiehfu insfo ldeAdn.di n tshpeir oifat l iterary crtiicIh, a evh ighglhtied haa nfudlo fr ecruretnf anatsiaens di magaiitnve obsessitohantgs a vae charaecrtisctoilco arn dm oodt ob otFho ucault's composteedx atnsd e verydalyie f.M y aimh asb eetno c ojnuruep " neither thpeu erg rammaticsauljb ecntor t hdee epps ycohlogiscuajble c"ta ,sF ou­ caulhti mseolnfc peu ti t",bu tra thetrh eo new ho says' I't hiewn o rks, thele ttetrhsed,r ftas,t hes ketchtehspe, e sronasle cre"1t s. WhenI s tartteod woornkt hibso ok 1i98n7 ,t hryeeea rasft eFro ucault diedI, w asw arned by onee xperttht am y tiem woulbde w astedH.is paperwse rei ncacessihbilsfre i;e ndwso ulndo tt almky; inuqiryw ould provefu tile. Sincteh en, uosneefub li goraphyo fFo ucaultb,y DidEiriebro nh,a s alreya adppearaendd,s tialln ohter, Dabviyd M acey, wbaesi npgrp eared asI wroteT.o m y own surpirse, I wtaost aaltbkol a e g retam anyo f Foucaul'stfr iendsIh; a ev learned dae agalob ooduh tili sf ea,n db eeanb le 5 -- -- Preface toc onsumlotr et haonn era red ocumetn.Id on otfee lm y timeh asb een waste2d . Stililn,o nes ensteh,eexp ertw ho warned me wriagsht .T he time is notrip efo ra definitbiivoeg rapTohoy .m anyw itnessheasev y ett os hare altlha tt hekyn ow. Ewvoersne t,o moa nyd ocumtesrn emaiunn pbulished. Beforhei sd eathi n1 984,Fo ucauldte stroayg erde tam anyo fh ipse r­ sonal paipnhe irswis;l lh,e p rohibitthpeeod s tuhmosup ublicaotfai noyn paperhsem igthh avoev erlooaknedds ;oEa r,Fo ucaulth asye tto find his MaxB rodT.ho ugha centfoerrr esearchhearsbs e eens tablisihnPe adr is, ithso ldingasr ei ncomplAett et.th iem Iew aswri ting,h isva riouses says andi nterviewwesr ewi deyl scatteirnae ndu mbero fd iffertel nanggueas inp ubilcationtsha tw eres omeitmehsa rtdo l ocaTthee.p romiseFdr ecnh publicationo fF oucaultco'sm plestheo rtweorr ksa ndi ntersvii enwc hron­ ologiocradle r ewivleltn ulalyta rnsformt heu nedrstandingo fh isw ork. Bute vent henm,o rem ateriawill lr emaitno b es tuidedH.i sl ongtime compnaio,nD aniDeelef rth,a sFo ucaultn'so tebooaknsdj ournaalsn, da lso hisp ersonalli braryA.t l eaosnte perhsaosan p artimaal nusrcitpo ft he voulmeo np erverstihaotFon u caultd rfatefodr t heori ginavles rioonf h is Hitsoryo fS exuitya;lb uthe h asn ots howni tt om e for thgeo odr esaon thatF oucauletxp licyi atslkehdi mt op rominseeev r too wis tht oa nyoen. Andt heriesm oree:v eryy eart hta wIa sa tw orkI,d iscovenreewdd o c­ umenst,s ome oft hemi llicaintdu nuahtorizeIdk .n owo fn o other con­ temporpahryi losopherw owrhkho aspsero mptesdu hc flao urishinbgla ck markeitnb otoletagp er ecrodingasn dfr eealnec tarncsritpionosfp ublic lecteusm,ra nyh oardedj ealloyub syc ollectors. The secondlairyt eratounrF eou caulti sb,y c otnarsta,l togetthoeor extensiAvney.o ntee mptteodm asteirtw oulddo ubtlessso ogni vuep ,o ut ofa c ombitniaoonfb oredoamn dfa tgiuea ltogeattoh dedrws i tthh iem pcat left Fobuyc aultw'so rki tsel£ oIrnd etrom ovefo rwardIfo, u ndi tu seful toa dopat k indo fs tuidedi gonranec.I wasi nclitnoea dpp roacht he liefworak sn avielays p ossibdleel,i bteerlwiayt hholdijnuggd menta nd takinngo htinfogr g ranted. Therew eraen umbero fo theorb staclaensdp otetnipailta fllsw,h ich it isj usats w eltlo p oitno u.tC onsidfoerrex ,a mplet,h edi lemma oft rying tow ritae n arartivaec ocunotf s omeoen who qusetionrepede,at edlayn d sytsemtaicya,tl lhvea luoef o ld-fashiiodneeaadsb outth e" authors"o;m e­ one whor aisetdh eg ravesotf d oubst aboutth ec haractoefpr e rsonal idetinyt ass uchs;o meonweh o,a sa matteorft empaemretn,d isutrsted prying qusetioannsd n akehdo nseyt;s omeonfien,la lyw,h o wasn ever­ theleisnsc litnoes de e his owna swo,on sr ok mel evealut,ob iograhpical. -- 6 -- Preface A preafce isn ott hep lacet og raplpew iht them anyc omplexi ssues raisebdy F oucaultv'si ewosn s uhc matterIst.i se nought os ay tihna t, thee ndI,w asfo rcetdo ascriFboueca ulttao p erstiestna ndp urposeful selif,nh aibitngo nea ndt hesa meb oyd throuhgouhti sm ortalifle ,m ore orl escso nsisyt aeccnotlutninfogr h isa citonasn da ttitudteoos t ehrsa s welals t oh imsealnfd,u nderstanhdiilsin efga sa teleollolgsyit crcautuerd quset( ori,n Fr ench,r echerche). Itm ayb et hatt ellFoiungca ults'st oryi nt hiwsa yb etraysh isd epeest teachiinmtga sy;b ea,s t hpeh ilosoAplhaesrd Maaicri ntyrreec etlyna grued, thatt heap paretnn eedt oa pproache veFno ucaultb ya scribtiohn igm a persistta enndp urposefusle lbf,e hianldhl i msa skasn do utwarcdh anges ofb eliaenfd behavior,a crreuvcealimliaisl ta itono f hpihsi lpohsyo;o ri t mayb e-asI beliee-vthtaFo ucaulhti msenlefv ehre ltdh eu ltitmeyal inceorhetnk indo fv iewasb outth ed eatohf tahueht ora ndt hed isap­ pearanceo ft hese ltfh taM acitynreri ghtlrye je3ct s. Thei suseo fp esronaild entdioteyns o ,t aleaxshu,as tth mee thdoological counnrdumsfa cinagn yonweh o writaebs outth imso stu nyieldoifn g modem sketpicFosr. Foucaulta lscoa lliendt qou setiotnh ec ocnepto f "tru"it thseslufgg,est intgha ta lolfh is ohwni tsoriscatlu idewse rei,ns ome sensweo,r kosf " ficti"o4n . Thisa,ga ni,i s ntohtpel acteoa ddretssh e mainntye resatnindpg e rhaps inatcrtalbei ssues posFoeudca ublyto 'swn approacthoh isritoography. Buti tis w isteo s taete xplitcliwyh at" gmaeo ft rut"th o,b orrowF oucault's phrasIet ,h inIka mp laying. Inw hatfo llowIsh ,a vaed heretdo t hec ovnentioofnms o dem schol­ arshicph,e ckimnygh unchesa ndl eaposfi magaiitnoang aintshtae v ailable evidencIhe a.ev i ncluadneex dt ensiavpep atruaosf e ndontesd,o cumteinng the soucreo fe veryc ittaioann de verya necdoteexp,l oriunngc ertatiines ande alboraitngq uailficatiwohnesr aep proprtieaA.t e verys tepI,h ave prized simplyi caintds trugglteoda chievcelr aitoyf exp ressoin,e ven thuoghI a m oftend ealing cwoimtphl exi deaasn ds omeitmehs ermeitc practAibcoesv.ae l Ilh ,a vter iteotd e tlhlte r u5t h. The truitnhd,e ehda,sp resteend me mwiyt mho std ififcuplrotb lems. As readerwisll soonen oughd iscovtehrec, r uoxf w hati sm osto rigianl andc hlalengainbgo uFotu cault'swa yo ft hinkiansIg s ,e e .iihtsi, su n­ relentdienpegl,ya mbiguosu andp rofoundlyp roblemaptrieco ccupation withd eat,wh hich exphleo rend ootn yl int heex toerfoircm o fh iwsr iting, butal saon,d I b eliecvriet ilcalyi,nt hee soteforrimc o fs ado-massotcihci eroticiTshmo.u ghFo ucaulhti mseslpfo kfrea nklya boutth iass peocfth is lifIes ,o meitmehsa dt ow ondewrh,i lIew as writing myw hebtohoeIkr , -- 7 -- Preface wasb ehviangl ikseo men o-ts-oGrandI nquisitoArs.a nA mericacnri tic hasa ctuelrye mark"eidan, c ultutrhaetwi thouetv ecre asitnopg r oleirtfae homosexuamle aniknngo wsh ow tcoo nfinieta ,sw elli nc ollectivities as individtuoa klais n,d faolfsu en conscitohuesri,esh ardlay procedfourr e bringionugtt h imse anintgha td oes'ntl oookr f eell ike mjoursetp olice entrapemnt".6 And thatw asn ott hee nd oft hpero blemrasi sebdy t elltihnget rtuh. To mamkeat etrsw orseA,I DSe ntereidn ttoh es toryc,a stianp ga llo ver every paIwg reo teg,i vitnhgi lsie f taw itshat tw asn otat a ltlh et witshtta I woulhda ev hopefodr .T he facttha tm y bookwa s writteann,dw ill atfi rstb er eda,i nt hseh daowo fa p lgauem,a keista ll t oeoa sy dtiosu cnot thpeo ssiyb itlhtiaFo tucaulti,nh isra dicaaplp roacht hebt ooy d andi ts pleasuwraess,i nfa ct kai nodf vi sionaaryn;dt htai nt hfue ture, coetn he thrteo afA IDS hasr ecedmede,na ndw omen, bostthrag ihta ndg aywi,l l reenw,wi thoustha meo rf eart,h eki nodf c orporeexaple riemntattihaotn formed ani ntegrapla rotf h ios wn philosopqhuisecta.l Stinlolp, ro fessioonfg oodfai tcha nd efusweh atis volatainldpe e rhaps tragiicn t hel ief thatfo llowYse.t d epsitteh em any dangoefsr cs,a ndal andr eductioonfiu snmc,o nscsitoeurse otypianngdp ruritse ennsational­ is-mandl asbtu tno t leoafos ffetri,n gfr esha mmuniiotnt oc rithiocsistl e to everytFohuicanugl tf ougthfo r-Ih aev gonea haed,a ndt riedt ot ell thew holet rutahsb, e sItc ould. Parto fm y purposei s old-fashtieolnletidhn:get ruthw haitsw riters ofh istoarryes upposteodd o. Anohterp art eqiusla yls tratifgohrwatrhduo,g ha lithtaldere rt oj us­ tiy-fthjeu sitficatiino nm awnayy si st heb ooaks a wholeF.o r beotrt er worsMei,c hFeolu caulits o neo ft hree psreetnativmee n-anod utsatnding thinsk-eorft het wetniectehtn uryH.i sl ief andt he texts he arwreo te intrictaeliynt ertewdiin nw ayst hatpr ovmeu tuallyi llumtiinnaTgh.e refore, a recotuinnogf h isl ief ina lolfi tsp hilosopdhiimceanls iohnos,we ver shockinsgo meo ft hesmea ys eemi,sn oto nyl warrantedb,u tes sential. Stialnloh terp arotf trheesa onfo r thibso oki sm orep ersonaIla .m someoen who holdst hen ote ntirehlayp pyc ovincitont hatt heriesn o Aritsotelmeeaannn ,o P ltaoniidce oaft hgeo odn,om oralc ompaismsp licit ino ura biltiotyr easo,na ndn or egultaivied eaolfc onsentshautsc ould helpu st os mooht awayt her ougehd geosf c ompetifonrmgs ofl iefa nd enablues to reconctihleei irn commensuracbllaei mTsh.e refore, Nietzsec'shp hilosohpahsay l awysb eefno mre a p uzzalne dap rovocation, ifo nyl becausien,t ermso fi tsi nnelro giwch,i cIhh avyee tt os eree futed, -- 8 -- Preface I cfiannd no ewaayst yor uloeu tth seo rotf craunedml u rderoupsr actices embracebdy s omeo fh isfo llowers. Wha ti tmi gthm ean,a fteAru schwitzt,ol ivael ieft huoghtfulyl "byeond gooda nde viisl,"i ns horwto,r tfihn dinogu .tA ndw hatb ettweary t han tos tuyd thlei efo ft hem osrte ovlutiryo-naand dpeleys erious-p-oosft ­ warN ietzsecanhs? Thiso,f c ousrei,s b yn om eantsh eo nyl wayt oa pporacFho ucaul'st workH.i sb ooklso nagg om ade theiwary i nttoh ew orld, coimntion g contawictth other ofifee xpledrise ncoet,h etryp eso fi ntelelnicget,o flouirsho rfa lli nt hec lasohfi deaAss .i st ruoef a nyfa shionafibgulree , a gretad eaolf n onsenhsaesb eens aida,n dd onei,n h isn ameB.u th e equlaldye st;rsveosme m easuorfec redfoirti nformingi,fn ohtinegl saen, impressivvarei ye otfp atbhreakihnigs torico-phisltousidoepsfoh:ri ex c­al ampleP,e teBrr own'sg retar eexamintaioonfs exuarle unnciatiionen ar ly Christniiyat,T hBeo yda nSdo icyeP;tau lV eyne'sa ccounotfc lassRiocmaaln institutBironeasa ndiCdn i rcIaunsH eacsk;i'sn h gistoofrys tatistsitcyalle s ofr easoniTngh,Te a mionfCg h anFcrame;;oiE swa l'sds tuyd ofw ormkan's compensatainodhn ea lht iunrasnec inn ienetetnh-cetnuryF racne,T he ProviSadtteAenn.tdt hiissj ustth ebe ignninga loofna gn dg rowinlgi st. Buts uhc stduiedse,ps itdee monrsattitnhgpe o wero fF oucaul'st texts toi nspire eaxncdio rtiiignngas lc hoslahripd,on o,tfi nlalyp,u tus i nt ouch withw hati sm osts ingu-laanrdp erhaps dmisoqsute iitng-baoutt he philoseor'sp whorka sh eh imsealtf,t hee ndo fh isl ifienvi, tedu st o undesrtandi t. ''.Ate verym oments,t ebpy s te"ph ,er emarkiend1 983," oen must confronwhta to nei st hinkianngds ayiwingt hw hato nei sd oinwgh,a t whato nei"sA.n dth irse qiureexasm inintgh fues ioonr,p erhacposn fusion, ofc oncept exainsdt eonfcd er,e aam ndr eliayt,j usats F oucaulhti mself suggeste"dT:hk ee yt ot hpee sronaploe taitcti tuodfae p hilosoipshn eort tob e usgohti nh iisd eaassi, f i tc ouldb ed educfreodm themb,u rat ther inh ipsh iloso-pahlsyi-fien,h ipsh ilosoplhiifcheai,lse tho"s7. Thisb ookt,h enis,a ''pilhosophilcieaf-"ld edicattoet dh me emory of MicheFolu cault. 9 -- --