The Palgrave Handbook of Romani Language and Linguistics Edited by Yaron Matras · Anton Tenser The Palgrave Handbook of Romani Language and Linguistics Yaron Matras · Anton Tenser Editors The Palgrave Handbook of Romani Language and Linguistics Editors Yaron Matras Anton Tenser School of Arts, Languages, and Cultures University of Helsinki University of Manchester Helsinki, Finland Manchester, UK ISBN 978-3-030-28104-5 ISBN 978-3-030-28105-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28105-2 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover credit: jordi clave garsot/Alamy Stock Photo This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Contents 1 Introduction 1 Yaron Matras and Anton Tenser Part I History 2 The Historical Origins of Romani 13 Michael Beníšek 3 Historical Sources on the Romani Language 49 Ignasi-Xavier Adiego Part II Structure 4 Romani Lexicon 85 Andrea Scala 5 Romani Phonology 119 Márton A. Baló 6 Romani Morphology 155 Viktor Elšík 7 Romani Syntactic Typology 187 Evangelia Adamou and Yaron Matras v vi Contents Part III Contact 8 The Impact of Turkish on Romani 231 Victor A. Friedman 9 The Impact of Slavic Languages on Romani 261 Anna-Maria Meyer 10 The Impact of Hungarian on Romani 303 Zuzana Bodnárová and Jakob Wiedner 11 Romani and Contact Linguistics 329 Yaron Matras and Evangelia Adamou 12 Para-Romani Varieties 353 Peter Bakker Part IV Variation 13 Romani Dialectology 389 Viktor Elšík and Michael Beníšek 14 Language Policy and Planning in Romani 429 Dieter W. Halwachs 15 Romani Bible Translation and the Use of Romani in Religious Contexts 459 Wilco van den Heuvel Part V Language Use 16 Romani in Child-Directed Speech 489 Pavel Kubaník 17 Romani on the Internet 515 Daniele Viktor Leggio Contents vii 18 Romani Language Literature 539 Sofiya Zahova Author Index 571 Dialect Index 581 Subject Index 585 Notes on Contributors Evangelia Adamou is Senior Researcher at the National Centre for Scientific Research in France (CNRS). She specialises in the analysis of under-described languages with a focus on language contact and bilin- gualism, combining corpus and experimental methods. She has conducted extensive fieldwork on Romani in Greece and in Mexico. She is currently Co-PI on a research project to study Romani repertoires (Riksbankens Jubileumsfond, 2019–2026). Ignasi-Xavier Adiego is Professor of Indo-European Linguistics at the University of Barcelona. One of his research interests is the study of the vari- eties of Romani language. In 2002, he discovered and published the manu- script of the Gypsy Vocabulary of Francesc de Sentmenat (eighteenth century), one of the most important historical documents of the Romani language. Other research interests include the ancient Anatolian languages and the languages of ancient Italy. He is, together with John D. Ray and D. Schürr, one of the decipherers of the Carian alphabet and language. Peter Bakker is Associate Professor of Linguistics at Aarhus University, School of Communication and Culture. He has published numerous aca- demic articles on a variety of topics and languages, including Basque, Romani and Amerindian languages. His research interests revolve around new languages, such as pidgins, creoles and mixed languages. In his research on the genesis of these languages, he combines linguistics, anthropology and history. His publications on Romani include edited volume on Romani in contact, a Romani linguistics bibliography and articles on Para-Romani ix x Notes on Contributors varieties, notably in Turkey, Scandinavia, the Basque Country and the Iberian Peninsula. Márton A. Baló is a Research Fellow at the Research Institute for Linguistics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. His primary fields of interest are phonology, morphology and the Romani language. He has published articles on certain morphological and dialectological aspects of Romani. Besides his research, he has taught courses in general linguistics and on the grammar of Romani at Eötvös Loránd University. He has also con- ducted extensive fieldwork among the Hungarian Roma. Michael Beníšek is Assistant Professor in Romani Studies at Charles University, Prague. His research focuses on the historical grammar of Romani, dialectology and descriptive work on Romani dialects, and he has conducted extensive fieldwork research on Romani varieties in Slovakia and Ukraine. Zuzana Bodnárová holds a Ph.D. in General Linguistics from the Charles University in Prague, where she was a member of a research team work- ing on the Atlas of Central Romani project. She is currently involved in Romani-related projects of the Plurilingualism Research Unit at the University of Graz. Her research interests include the sociolinguistic situa- tion of Romani, and the linguistic variation and change in Romani in con- tact with Hungarian. Viktor Elšík, Ph.D. is employed in the Department of Linguistics at the Charles University in Prague. His expertise includes Romani linguistics and language contact. He is a co-author of a monograph on the Cross-Dialectal Variability of Romani from the Perspective of Linguistic Typology (Mouton de Gruyter, 2006) and the author of papers on the structure, history and dialec- tology of Romani. He has long-time experience with linguistic field research in Romani communities in East-Central Europe. Victor A. Friedman is Andrew W. Mellon Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus in the Humanities and Professor Emeritus in the Department of Linguistics at the University of Chicago and Honorary Adjunct at La Trobe University. He is a foreign member of the Macedonian Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Academy of Sciences of Albania, the Academy of Arts and Sciences of Kosova, and Matica Srpska. He has been awarded the “1300 Years of Bulgaria” jubilee medal, the Blaže Koneski Medal and the Medal of Service to the Republic of North Macedonia, as well as the degree of doc- tor honoris causa from the University of Skopje. In 2009, he received the Notes on Contributors xi American Association of Teachers of Slavic and East European Languages’ Annual Award for Outstanding Contributions to Scholarship. In 2014, he received the Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies’ Annual Award for Distinguished Contributions to Scholarship. His research focuses on all aspects of the languages of the Balkans and the Caucasus. Dieter W. Halwachs is sociolinguist at the University of Graz; head of the Plurilingualism Research Unit at the University’s language centre treffpunkt sprachen—the research unit is designed as a sociolinguistically based political project which aims for social cohesion, human rights and a politics of plural- ity; member of the Committee of Experts of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages at the Council of Europe; coordinator of various pro- jects on dominated languages, urban multilingualism and language docu- mentation (among them, UNESCO World Atlas of Languages). His research interests include language politics, endangered languages and language contact. Pavel Kubaník is a graduate in the Romani Studies Seminar at Charles University, Prague. He combines his interests in sociolinguistics and linguis- tic anthropology with extensive fieldwork, especially among Roma in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Daniele Viktor Leggio holds a Ph.D. in anthropology and linguistics com- bined to explore the relationship between languages, identity and language codification on an online radio catering for diasporic Roma from Mitrovica, Kosovo. As part of the MigRom project, he has contributed to research that ethnographically explored the experiences, expectations, plans, interactions with local authorities and reception of Romanian Roma migrants in Western Europe. His research interests combine sociolinguistics, ethnolinguistics, migration and diaspora studies, language policy and planning, comput- er-mediated communication and Romani studies. Yaron Matras is Professor of Linguistics at the University of Manchester. He has published widely on Romani linguistics, including the titles Romani: A Linguistic Introduction (Cambridge, 2002), and Romani in Britain: The Afterlife of a Language (Edinburgh, 2010), and has led a series of large- scale research projects and international research consortia devoted to Romani linguistics and Romani studies in general. He served as Editor of the journal Romani Studies from 1999 to 2017 and was co-founder of the European Academic Network on Romani Studies. His interests include contact linguistics and multilingualism, and he is the author of Language Contact (Cambridge, 2009; second edition 2019) and the founder of the Multilingual Manchester research unit.