The Palgrave Handbook of Managing Fossil Fuels and Energy Transitions Edited by Geoffrey Wood · Keith Baker The Palgrave Handbook of Managing Fossil Fuels and Energy Transitions Geoffrey Wood • Keith Baker Editors The Palgrave Handbook of Managing Fossil Fuels and Energy Transitions Editors Geoffrey Wood Keith Baker School of Law Built Environment Asset Management (BEAM) University of Stirling Centre Stirling, UK Glasgow Caledonian University Glasgow, UK ISBN 978-3-030-28075-8 ISBN 978-3-030-28076-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28076-5 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or informa- tion storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover illustration: Bloomberg Creative Photos/gettyimages This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland To Neil Taylor, for always being there and being able to help me resolve any problems with a few clear words. RIP my friend (Dr. Geoffrey Wood). To Sue Roaf, for being a friend, a colleague, and an inspiration (Dr. Keith Baker). Foreword When the Paris Agreement on climate change was adopted on 12 December 2015, the newspaper The Guardian dramatically heralded the “end of [the] fossil fuel era”. It may perhaps have seemed like that at the time. After all, the agreement’s goal of keeping global warming well below 2°C and it’s even more ambitious aspirational goal of avoiding 1.5°C require a drastic reduction in the production and consumption of fossil fuels—the burning of which is still the single largest driver of human-induced climate change. But while the Paris Agreement may have given a strong and clear signal that the decarbonisation of our energy systems is inevitable, a true decline of fossil fuels has yet to commence. Notwithstanding the increasing availability and rapidly falling costs of renewable energy sources, global fossil fuel consump- tion continues to grow, and fossil fuels have retained their high share in global electricity production. Even coal—arguably the dirtiest fossil fuel—is wit- nessing a resurgence due to growing demand in Asia. Fossil fuel production also shows no signs of abatement, and investment in fossil fuels continues to be stable. All over the world, governments support the production and con- sumption of fossil fuels, through licensing and permitting, as well as tax breaks and other subsidies. We are currently locked into fossil fuels, through existing infrastructure, institutions, and individual behaviour. Any transition away from them, therefore, will face considerable hurdles. If we are to avert the climate crisis, however, such a transition is a must. We thus find ourselves at a critical juncture, about to embark on a very daunting journey. The good news is that, perhaps for the first time in the history of large-scale transitions, we have something of a compass. We can actually plan for this transition. This is why the present volume’s focus on ‘managing the decline’ of fossil fuels is so important. vii viii Foreword The climate imperative offers broad guidance on where our journey is headed. We know that meeting the Paris Agreement’s temperature goals means we cannot afford to burn all fossil fuels, and that a major part of fossil fuels needs to be left in the ground. We also know that we need to signifi- cantly scale up the deployment of renewable energy sources, and that this requires sustained support from the public and private sectors. But we further know that not everyone can or should follow the same energy transition path- way. Countries have been unevenly endowed with resources (both fossil fuels and renewables), are not all equally responsible for causing the problem of climate change and have varying levels of economic development. So, while we may applaud countries like Costa Rica or Sweden for their ambition to become ‘fossil free’ nations, the challenge for countries like Angola or Indonesia will be much greater. We also see these disparities within countries. Some regions, communities, and workers dependent on fossil fuels will be disproportionately affected by the low-carbon energy transition. These inter- national, national, and subnational equity and fairness dimensions under- score the necessity of a just transition, and more broadly the need to view energy transitions through the lens of energy justice. Along with my colleagues at the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), and in collaboration with a range of think tanks, civil society organisations, and academics, I have sought in the past years to put these challenges, as well as possible responses, on the radar of climate and energy policy researchers and practitioners. Through SEI’s initiative on Fossil Fuels and Climate Change, we have drawn attention to the importance of tackling fossil fuel supply alongside more traditional climate policy measures such as carbon pricing and energy efficiency standards. We have done so by organising work- shops and conferences, producing academic publications, blogs, opinion pieces, and engaging with policymakers. From this work, it has become clear to me that while the evidence base for managing the decline of fossil fuels is expanding, concerted efforts are needed to diversify and consolidate the research connecting the dots between fossil fuels and climate change. It is here where one of the present volume’s main strengths lies. The book brings together perspectives from authors with a variety of disciplinary back- grounds, covering various key jurisdictions, and employing a range of approaches. Reflecting the multifarious challenge of the energy transition, insights from various disciplines—engineering, economics, political science, ethics, law, and more—are needed to better understand the underlying causes of our present carbon lock-in, and to sketch the possible ways to overcome this. With respect to jurisdictions, it is important to look both at countries where lessons on energy transitions are already emerging—as is the case, for Foreword ix instance, with the German Energiewende—as well as countries that still have a long way to go in moving away from fossil fuels, such as Australia and Russia. In terms of approaches, contributions should be looking at the drivers of continued fossil fuel supply, countervailing forces seeking to increase the share of renewables in the energy system, and interactions between them. Australian economists Fergus Green and Richard Denniss refer to this as “cut- ting with both arms of the scissors”: we should not just be considering approaches that aim to reduce the demand of fossil fuels, but also determine how such approaches could work hand-in-hand with policies and actions restricting fos- sil fuel supply. It remains to be seen whether the transition away from fossil fuels resemble what the editors term a ‘long goodbye’ or whether it will rather be more akin to falling off a cliff-edge. The latter—that is, an unmanaged decline—may lead to the stranding of assets, as well as the stranding of communities and countries dependent on the production and export of fossil fuels. The former requires, at a minimum, a recognition among governments, industries, and investors that we need to stop expanding our fossil fuel infrastructure, a shared vision of a post-carbon future, and a transparent and participatory planning process to achieve that future. The longer we fail to fully embrace the long goodbye, however, the more likely it is that the cliff-edge scenario will become a reality. Throughout, we should also remain aware of the real possibility of a fossil fuel renaissance. This could happen, for instance, through the introduction of new technologies such as carbon capture and underground storage or the switching from higher-carbon to lower-carbon (but still fossil-based) fuels, such as from coal to natural gas. In addition, what German economist Hans- Werner Sinn dubbed the ‘green paradox’ may materialise: in such a scenario, increased production of fossil fuels takes place because of increasing carbon constraints. These possibilities suggest that, unlike what The Guardian claimed in 2015, the era of fossil fuels is not over yet. As this book makes abundantly clear, however, its time has certainly come. Centre for Climate Change, Harro van Asselt Energy and Environmental Law, University of Eastern Finland Law School Joensuu, Finland Stockholm Environment Institute Stockholm, Sweden Acknowledgements We would like to take this opportunity to sincerely thank all those who con- tributed chapters to this book, and to Rachael Ballard and Prof. Dave Elliott at Palgrave Macmillan, and to all those who gave their support in other ways, including: Dr. Ron Mould, Scott Restrick, Helen Melone, Prof. Brian Castellani, Dr. Fraser Stewart, and all our team members and friends of the Energy Poverty Research initiative; without your support, wisdom and knowl- edge this book would never have come to pass. Thanks also to Sarah Garden who kindly provided the indexing and to Academic Proofreading and Editing Services (https://academicproofreadingandeditingservices.com/) for the final proofreading and copyediting of the manuscript. xi Contents Part I I ntroduction 1 1 Fossil Fuels in a Carbon-Constrained World 3 Geoffrey Wood 1 A im of the Book 3 2 R ising Temperatures, Rising Risks: Accepting the Reality of Climate Change 9 3 Outline of the Book 10 References 22 2 Carbon Capture and Renewables: Strategic Conflicts or Tactical Complementarities 25 David Elliott 1 I ntroduction 25 2 C arbon Capture Options for Power Plants and Industry 26 3 Air Capture 31 4 The Hydrogen Option 34 5 Optimal Carbon Reduction 38 6 Conclusion 45 References 48 3 The Long Goodbye to the Nuclear Monument 57 Paul Dorfman 1 I ntroduction 57 xiii