The Oxford Handbook of T H E P R O T E S TA N T R E F O R M AT I O N S The Oxford Handbook of THE PROTESTANT REFORMATIONS Edited by ULINKA RUBLACK 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, ox2 6dp, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © Oxford University Press 2017 The moral rights of the authors have been asserted First Edition published in 2017 Impression: 1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Control Number: 2016944842 ISBN 978– 0– 19– 964692– 0 Printed in Great Britain by Clays Ltd, St Ives plc Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third party website referenced in this work. Contents Acknowledgments  ix List of Illustrations  xi List of Contributors  xiii 1. Introduction  1 Ulinka Rublack PART I THE NEW THEOLOGY 2. Explaining Evil and Grace  23 Christopher Ocker 3. The Nature of Spiritual Experience  47 Alec Ryrie 4. Reforming Time  64 Robin B. Barnes 5. Political Obedience  83 Glenn Burgess PART II GEOGRAPHIES AND VARIETIES OF THE REFORMATIONS 6. Geographies of the Protestant Reformation  105 Graeme Murdock 7. The Bohemian Reformations  124 Howard Louthan 8. Luther and Lutheranism  146 Thomas Kaufmann vi Contents 9. The Swiss Reformations: Movements, Settlements, and Reimagination, 1520–1720  167 Randolph C. Head 10. The Radicals  190 C. Scott Dixon 11. Calvin and Reformed Protestantism 214 Mack P. Holt 12. The English, Scottish, and Irish Reformations  233 Felicity Heal 13. Protestantism in the Age of Catholic Renewal  253 Philip M. Soergel 14. Protestantism and Non-C hristian Religions 274 Andrew Colin Gow and Jeremy Fradkin 15. Outsiders, Dissenters, and Competing Visions of Reform  301 Howard Hotson 16. Pietism  329 Ulrike Gleixner 17. Protestantism Outside Europe  350 Mark Häberlein PART III COMMUNICATING THE REFORMATIONS 18. Print Workshops and Markets  373 Andrew Pettegree 19. The Word  390 Helmut Puff 20. The Reformation of Liturgy  409 Susan C. Karant-N unn 21. An “Epistolary Reformation”: The Role and Significance of Letters in the First Century of the Protestant Reformation  431 Mark Greengrass Contents vii PART IV SITES, INSTITUTIONS, AND SOCIETY 22. University Scholars of the Reformation  459 Michael Heyd 23. Education in the Reformation  483 Charlotte Methuen 24. Legal Courts  504 Joel F. Harrington 25. Rural Society  525 Beat Kümin 26. Civic Religions  546 Guido Marnef 27. European Nobilities and the Reformation  565 Ronald G. Asch PART V IDENTITIES AND CULTURAL MEANINGS OF THE REFORMATIONS 28. Explaining Change  585 Craig Koslofsky 29. Visual and Material Culture  601 Bridget Heal 30. Music  621 Christopher Boyd Brown 31. The Body in the Reformations  643 Herman Roodenburg 32. Sexual Difference  667 Kathleen M. Crowther 33. The Natural and Supernatural  688 Ute Lotz- Heumann 34. Commerce and Consumption  708 Christine R. Johnson viii Contents 35. Natural Philosophy  726 Alisha Rankin PART VI ASSESSING THE REFORMATIONS 36. Comparisons and Consequences in Global Perspective, 1500–1750  747 Merry Wiesner- Hanks 37. History and Memory  765 Bruce Gordon Index  787 Acknowledgments My thanks go, above all, to the authors whose learning and commitment to present the most comprehensive interpretative Handbook of the Protestant Reformations yet have made this collaborative enterprise possible—i n time for the commemorations in 2017. It is a pleasure to thank Christopher Wheeler, who invited me many years ago to edit this handbook, as well as Stephanie Ireland and especially Cathryn Steele from Oxford University Press who provided absolutely outstanding support. I also wish to thank William Richards at Oxford for all his help, as well as the team at Newgen. I am particularly grateful for the very generous and substantial assistance Asaph Ben-T ov offered to prepare the late Michael Heyd’s contribution for publication, and for Theodor Dunkelgrün’s advice and readiness to translate one entire contribution. Merry Wiesner- Hanks and Hamish Scott kindly shared some of their editorial experience. Francisco Bethencourt shared my excitement about new intellectual possibilities and, as always, made life happy. Cambridge, April 2016