OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 02/06/2020, SPi the oxford handbook of T H E A RC H A E OL O G Y OF RO M A N G E R M A N Y OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 02/06/2020, SPi OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 02/06/2020, SPi The Oxford Handbook of THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF ROMAN GERMANY Edited by SIMON JAMES and STEFAN KRMNICEK 1 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 02/06/2020, SPi 1 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, ox2 6dp, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © Oxford University Press 2020 The moral rights of the authors have been asserted First Edition published in 2020 Impression: 1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Control Number: 2019949120 ISBN 978–0–19–966573–0 Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, cr0 4yy Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third party website referenced in this work. OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 02/06/2020, SPi Table of Contents List of Contributors ix Editors’ Introduction xi Simon James and Stefan Krmnicek PART I PRELUDE, CONQUEST, AND PROVINCIALISATION A. Occupation and Consolidation 1. The Lands of Germania in the Later Pre-Roman Iron Age 5 Susanne Sievers 2. Emergence of the Provinces 28 Reinhard Wolters B. Creating a Provincial Landscape 3. Archaeology of Germania Superior: Urban Settlements 53 Klaus Kortüm 4. Archaeology of Germania Inferior: Urbanization 92 Norbert Hanel 5. Roman Rural Landscape Occupation in Present-Day Germany: An Overview 116 Thomas Maurer PART II CORE PROVINCES AT THE EDGE OF EMPIRE C. Wars and Frontiers 6. Roman Battlefields in Germany: Kalkriese and Harzhorn 149 Günther Moosbauer OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 02/06/2020, SPi vi table of contents 7. The Limes 166 Martin Kemkes D. An Integrated Economy 8. Roman Pottery Research in Germany 201 Susanne Biegert and Markus Helfert 9. Coinage and Money in the Roman Rhineland 219 David Wigg-Wolf E. Constituting Provincial Identity 10. Religion, Cult, and Burial Customs in the German Provinces 255 Constanze Höpken 11. Writing and Literacy/Illiteracy 287 Krešimir Matijević 12. Provincial Art 317 Alexandra W. Busch and Henner von Hesberg PART III THE TRANSFORMATION OF POWER F. Crisis of the Third Century 13. ‘Vi barbarorum absumptam’: A Military History of Roman Germany during the Third Century ad 355 Marcus Reuter 14. Crisis Research in a Civil Context 376 Michaela Konrad G. Germani and Rome 15. The Germani and the German Provinces of Rome 409 Claus von Carnap-Bornheim 16. Roman Cultural Influence in Western Germania Magna 437 Michael Meyer 17. Transformations in the Roman West: The Case of the Alamanni 461 Claudia Theune OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 02/06/2020, SPi table of contents vii H. After Rome 18. The Transformation into the Early Middle Ages (Fourth to Eighth Centuries) 491 Hubert Fehr 19. Reception and History of Research in the Roman Provinces of Germany 520 Alexander Heising PART IV EXTERNAL PERSPECTIVES AND FINAL THOUGHTS I. The Foreign Commentaries 20. The Archaeology of Roman Germany: A Dutch Perspective 551 Nico Roymans 21. Roman Germania? What Germania? 558 Michel Reddé 22. Germanies, Britains, and the Roman World 570 Ian Haynes 23. Roman Germany and Provincial Archaeology: The North American Perspective 586 Philip Kiernan J. Final Word 24. Concluding Remarks on the Handbook of the Archaeology of Roman Germany 601 Thomas Fischer Index 609 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 02/06/2020, SPi OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 02/06/2020, SPi List of Contributors Susanne Biegert Independent scholar Alexandra W. Busch Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Mainz Claus von Carnap-Bornheim Stiftung Schleswig-Holsteinische Landesmuseen, Schloss Gottorf Hubert Fehr Bayerisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Thomas Fischer Archäologisches Institut, Universität zu Köln Norbert Hanel Institut für Archäologische Wissenschaften, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Ian Haynes School of History, Classics and Archaeology, Newcastle University Alexander Heising Abteilung für Provinzialrömische Archäologie, Albert-Ludwigs- Universität Freiburg Markus Helfert Institut für Archäologische Wissenschaften, Johann Wolfgang Goethe- Universität Frankfurt Henner von Hesberg Archäologisches Institut, Universität zu Köln Constanze Höpken Landesdenkmalamt des Saarlandes Simon James School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Leicester Martin Kemkes Archäologisches Landesmuseum Baden-Württemberg, Rastatt Philip Kiernan School of Art and Design, Kennesaw State University Stefan Krmnicek Institut für Klassische Archäologie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Michaela Konrad Institut für Archäologische Wissenschaften, Denkmalwissenschaften und Kunstgeschichte, Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg Klaus Kortüm Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Baden-Württemberg, Esslingen Krešimir Matijević Seminar für Geschichte und Geschichtsdidaktik, Europa-Universität Flensburg Thomas Maurer Stadtarchäologie Passau Michael Meyer Institut für Prähistorische Archäologie, Freie Universität Berlin