Th e Oxford Handbook of Social Class in Counseling OXFORD LIBRARY OF PSYCHOLOGY Editor-in-Chief Peter E. Nathan area editors: Clinical Psychology David H. Barlow Cognitive Neuroscience Kevin N. Ochsner and Stephen M. Kosslyn Cognitive Psychology Daniel Reisberg Counseling Psychology Elizabeth M. Altmaier and Jo-Ida C. Hansen Developmental Psychology Philip David Zelazo Health Psychology Howard S. Friedman History of Psychology David B. Baker Methods and Measurement Todd D. Little Neuropsychology Kenneth M. Adams Organizational Psychology Steve W. J. Kozlowski Personality and Social Psychology Kay Deaux and Mark Snyder OX F O R D L I B R A RY O F P S Y C H O L O G Y peter e. nathan Editor in Chief Th e Oxford Handbook of Social Class in Counseling Edited by William Ming Liu 3 3 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offi ces in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Th ailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries. Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 © Oxford University Press 2013 Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Th e Oxford handbook of social class in counseling / edited by William Ming Liu. p. cm.—(Oxford library of psychology) ISBN-13: 978–0–19–539825–0 ISBN-10: 0–19–539825–4 1. Cross-cultural counseling. 2. Social classes. 3. Classism. I. Liu, William Ming. II. Title: Handbook of social class in counseling. BF636.7.C76O944 2013 158.3086′2—dc23 2012034497 ISBN-13 978–0–19–539825–0 ISBN-10 0–19–539825–4 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper SHORT CONTENTS Oxford Library of Psychology vii About the Editor ix Contributors xi Table of Contents xv Chapters 1–556 Index 557 v This page intentionally left blank OXFORD LIBRARY OF PSYCHOLOGY Th e Oxford Library of Psychology, a landmark series of handbooks, is published by Oxford University Press, one of the world’s oldest and most highly respected pub- lishers, with a tradition of publishing signifi cant books in psychology. Th e ambi- tious goal of the O xford Library of Psychology is nothing less than to span a vibrant, wide-ranging fi eld and, in so doing, to fi ll a clear market need. Encompassing a comprehensive set of handbooks, organized hierarchically, the Library incorporates volumes at diff erent levels, each designed to meet a distinct need. At one level is a set of handbooks designed broadly to survey the major sub- fi elds of psychology; at another are numerous handbooks that cover important cur- rent focal research and scholarly areas of psychology in depth and detail. Planned as a refl ection of the dynamism of psychology, the Library will grow and expand as psychology itself develops, thereby highlighting signifi cant new research that will impact on the fi eld. Adding to its accessibility and ease of use, the Library will be published in print and, later on, electronically. Th e Library surveys psychology’s principal subfi elds with a set of handbooks that capture the current status and future prospects of those major subdisciplines. 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Whether at the broadest or most specifi c level, however, all of the Library handbooks off er synthetic coverage that reviews and evaluates the relevant past and present research and anticipates research in the future. Each handbook in the L ibrary includes introductory and concluding chapters written by its editor to provide a roadmap to the handbook’s table of contents and to off er informed antici- pations of signifi cant future developments in that fi eld. An undertaking of this scope calls for handbook editors and chapter authors who are established scholars in the areas about which they write. Many of the nation’s and world’s most productive and best-respected psychologists have agreed to edit Library handbooks or write authoritative chapters in their areas of expertise. vii For whom has the Oxford Library of Psychology been written? Because of its breadth, depth, and accessibility, the Library serves a diverse audience, including graduate students in psychology and their faculty mentors, scholars, researchers, and practitioners in psychology and related fi elds. Each will fi nd in the Library the information they seek on the subfi eld or focal area of psychology in which they work or are interested. Befi tting its commitment to accessibility, each handbook includes a compre- hensive index, as well as extensive references to help guide research. And because the L ibrary was designed from its inception as an online as well as a print resource, its structure and contents will be readily and rationally searchable online. Further, once the Library is released online, the handbooks will be regularly and thoroughly updated. In summary, the Oxford Library of Psychology will grow organically to provide a thoroughly informed perspective on the fi eld of psychology, one that refl ects both psychology’s dynamism and its increasing interdisciplinarity. Once published elec- tronically, the Library is also destined to become a uniquely valuable interactive tool, with extended search and browsing capabilities. As you begin to consult this handbook, we sincerely hope you will share our enthusiasm for the more than 500- year tradition of Oxford University Press for excellence, innovation, and quality, as exemplifi ed by the O xford Library of Psychology. Peter E. Nathan Editor-in-Chief Oxford Library of Psychology viii oxford library of psychology ABOUT THE EDITOR William Ming Liu William Ming Liu, PhD, is professor and program coordinator and training direc- tor of counseling psychology at Th e University of Iowa. He received his doctorate in counseling psychology from the University of Maryland in 2000. His research interests are in social class and classism, men and masculinity, and multicultural competencies. He has published in journals such as the Journal of Counseling Psychology , Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology , and P sychology of Men and Masculinity . In recent reviews, he has been identifi ed as one of the most fre- quent producers of research in the journal Psychology of Men and Masculinity and cited scholars in multicultural competency research. He received the Emerging Leader award from the Committee on Socioeconomic Status (APA), Emerging Young Professional Award (Division 45, APA), and the Researcher of the Year Award (Division 51, APA). He is a licensed psychologist in the State of Iowa and provides psychological services at a homeless shelter. ix