FARRASRT,R AUASN DG IROUX 18W es1t8 tSht reNeetwY, o r1k0 011 Copyrig2h01t1b y F rancFiusk uyama 0 Mapcso pyri2g0h11tb yM arNku gent 0 Alrli grhetsse rved DistriibnCu atneadbd yaD &M Publishers, Inc. Prinitnte hdUe n itSetda otfeA sm erica Firesdti t2i0o1n1, GrateafuJc knowledigsmm aednfoetr p ermistsori eopnr tihnfoetll owimnagt erEixacle:r pts fromI slamt hPfrero omMp huehta mtmtoah de CoafCp otnusrtea InP:to ilnaiontpGdilo cevs.­ ernmeedintatent,dd r anslBaetrendLa berywd i cso,p yr©i 1g9ht8b7yB ernaLredw iRse.p rinted by permisOxsfiooUrnnd i ovfe rPsrietEsyxs c.e rfrpotmSs ouorfCc heisnT aredsiet2 die od.n,, editbeyd WillThieaomd odreeB arayn dI reBnleo ocmo,p yrig1h9t9b 9yC olumUbniiav er­ e siPtrye Rsesp.r iwintthep de rmisosfti hopenu blisher. LibraCroyn gorfCe astsal oging-in-DPautbal ication Fukuyama, Francis. Theo rigoifpn osl iotridc:eaf lrr opmr ehumtainmt eost hFer ench RevoluFtiroannF cuiksu yamaL.se-td . I p.c m. Inclubdiebsl iogrraepfheirceaannlcdi e nsd ex. ISB9N7 8-0-374-2p2a7p3e4r-)0 (allc StaThtee-,H isto2rO.yr .d er-His3t.Co ormyp.ar atgiovvee rnment­ I. Histo4r.Dy e. mocracy-HiIsT.ti otrlye.. )Cl. F82501 1 I 320.9-dc22 2001038534 DesigbnyAe bdb Kya gan www.fsgbooks.com 3 5 7 98 6 4 IO INM EMORYO F SamuHeuln tington CONTENTS PREFACE ix PARTI :B EFORET HES TATE 1.T HEN ECESSIOTFYP OLITICS 3 2.T HES TATOEF N ATURE 26 3.T HET YRANNOYF C OUSINS 49 4.T RIBASLO CIETIPERSO:P ERTJYU,S TI,CW EAR 64 5.T HEC OMINGO FT HEL EVIATHAN 80 PARTI IS:T ATEB UILDING 6.C HINESTER IBALISM 97 7.W ARA NDT HER ISEO FT HEC HINESE STATE 110 8.T HEG REAHT ANS YSTEM 128 9.P OLITICDAECLA YA ND THREE TURONF P ATRIMONGIOAVLE RNMENT1 39 10.T HEI NDIADNE TOUR 151 11.V ARNAASN DJ ATIS 162 12.W EAKNESSEOSF I NDIAPNO LITIES 175 13.S LAVERAYN D THMEUS LIME XIFTR OMT RIBALISM 189 14.T HEM AMLUKSS AVEI SLAM 202 15.T HEF UNCTIONIANNGD D ECLINOEF T HEO TIOMANS TATE 214 16.C HRISTIANUINTDYE RMINETSH EF AMILY 229 CONTENTS viii PARTI lTlH:E R ULE OF LAW 17.T HEO RIGINOSFT HER ULEO FL AW 245 18.T HEC HURCHB ECOMESA STATE 262 19.T HES TATBEE COMESA CHURCH 276 20.O RIENTDAELS POTISM 290 21.S TATIONABRAYN DITS 303 PARTI V:AC COUNTABLGEO VERNMENT 22.T HER ISOEF P OLITIACCACLO UNTABILITY 321 23.R ENTES EEKERS 336 24.P ATRIMONIACLRIOSSMS ETSH EA TLANTIC 355 25.E ASTO FT HEE LBE 373 26.T OWARDA MOREP ERFECATB SOLUTISM 386 27.T AXATIOANN DR EPRESENTATION 402 28.W HYA CCOUNTABILWIHTYY?A BSOLUTISM? 422 PARTV :T OWARDA THEORYO FP OLITICDAELV ELOPMENT 29.P OLITICAL DEVELAONPDMP EONLTI TICDEACLA Y 437 30.P OLITIDCEAVLE LOPMETNHTE,N A NDN OW 458 NOTES 485 BIBLIOGRAPHY 535 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 557 INDEX 559 PREAFCE Thisb ook thwoaors i gThienfi sr.as rto wshee mny m entor,H uSna­muel tingotfHo anr vUanridv earsskimetedyt ,ow riatfo er ewotroadr eprint editoifho i1ns9 6c8l asPsoilciO,tr idiceCnarh l a nSgoicnige Hutniteisn.g1­ tonw'osrr ke presoennett heoledfa esffto trotw sr iatb er osatdu odfpy o ­ litdiecvaell oapnmwdea nostn I ea ssifrgenqeude innmty lo wytn eaching. Iets tabmlainskyhe eiydd eiancs o mparpaotliiviteni cclsua,td hienogr y ofp olidteiccatayhlc,e o ncoefap utt hormiotdaerrinainaz natdth ieo n, nottihopanot l idteivceallo wpamasep nhte nomseenpoanfrr oamot teh er aspeocfmt osd ernization. AsI p roceweidttehhdfo e r ewoirstde ,e mteomd e t haitl,l uminating asP oliOtridcweaarlst ,hb eo onke edseodm e sueprdiaotuIiswtn a gs. writotneladn ye caodrse oa ftetrhs et aorftt hb eiw ga voefd e colonization thsawte tphtpe o st-WorIlwIdo rWalandrmd, a noyfi tcso nclursei­ons flecttheeexd t rienmset aobfti hlpaiettr ywi iotdah lo lfi tcso uapnscd i vil warIsnt. h yee asrisn ictpesu blicmaatnmiyoo mne,n tcohuasnh gaevse occurlrietkdhee,e c onormiioscfEe a Assti tahc,eo lloafgp lsoecb oaml­ munisma,c ctehleeo rfga ltoiboanl izwahtaiHtou nn,t ianhngidtm osne lf labetlh"eetd h wiarvdoe fd"e mocratthisazttaa triitntoeh n1de 9 7P0osl. iti­ caolr dery ethtoab dea chiievnme adnp yl acbeuistht, a edm ersguecd­ cessfumlalnypy a irontft s hd ee velwoopriIlnstdge . e maepdp roptroi ate gob actkot hteh emoefts h baoto akn tdot rtyo atphpelmyt htweoo rld asie tx isntoewd. PREFACE Inc ontemphloawHt uinntgi 'nisg dteoans bmeri egvhitsfu erdt,h eirt strmuect kh tahte wraess t miolrlfue n damentable w doiornenkx ept loi ­ cattihnoegr igoifpn osl idteivceallo apnmpdeo nlti ticPaoll idteiccaayl. OrdieCnrh anSgoicnigte otofoikrge rsa ntthepedo liwtoircolafadlfa irly lasttea ignhe u mahni stwohreysr,ue c ihn stiatsut thsieto anptsoe l,i tical partiemsi,l ioltraagwra,yn izaanttdhi leoi nakslee,lx iIsctto .n frotnhtee d probolfde emv elcoopuinntgtr riyteiosnm go dertnhiezpieor l istyisc­al tembsud ti dgni'avtena ccooufwn hte trheo ssyes tceammsfre o mi nt he firpslta cseo ciinwe hteitreheswe ye rleo negs tablCiosuhnetadrrn.ie oe ts trapbpyte hdep iarsB tusit.nm ancya stehsi,tn hghasat p pehnuendd reds ore vetnh ousoafyn edasar gsco o nttione uxeem ratj ionrf luoentn hcee natoufpr oel iItwfie ac rsse.e ektioun ngd erstthfuean ncdt ioonfci onng­ tempoirnasrtyi tiiutnst e icoenstssol,a o roaytkt h eoirri gaintndhs oe ft en accidaenncdto anlt ifonrgcetenhstba rto utghhetim n bteoi ng. Thec oncoevretnrh o er iogfii nns titduovteitoanisal s eedc ownidt h preoccuwphaiwtcaihso nrt,eh ael -pwroorbllodwef em saa kn fadi led states. Fomru cohft hpee rsiiondSc eep te1m1b2,e0 r0I h1 ,a vbee ewno rkoinn g thper oblemsa nondfa tsbituoailntd eii ncn ogu ntwriitcehos l laoprs ed unstgaobvleer namnee natrsl;y t oet ffhoitrnhtkr otuhgpihrs o bwlaesm ab ooIkp ubliisn2h 0e0td4i tSlteadt ei-nBGguo:iv ledrannaWdnoc rel d Ordientr h Tew entyC-efinrt2sTu thrU eyn .i ted asSw teaaltlste hisen, t er­ natidoonnacolor m mumnoirtbeyr oahdalisyn ,v easg treeddae tia nnla tion­ builpdrionjgae rcotutsnh wdeo rilndc,l uAdgfihnagn iIsrtaSaqon,m,l a ia, HaiTtiim,o r-LesLteeo,an neSLd,ii ebreIrmr ayi sace.ol nfs uwlitttehhd e WorBladn akn tdh Aeu straailadig aennA cuys Aiinld o okaittn hpger ob­ lemosfs tabtuei lidniM negl anienscilau,d ing PTaipmNuoearw - Leste, GuinIenad,o nPeaspiuaanand, Stohleo Imsolna anllod fws h,i hcahv een ­ countseerreiddoi uffisc uilntt riyetisocn ogn stmroudcestrt na tes. Consifodree xra,m tphlpeer ,o bolfie mmp lamnotdienirgnn s titutions inM elanseosciialenit Pkiaeep sNu eaw G uinaenatd h Seo lomIoslna nds. Melanseosciiaioesnrt gya ntirziebidan llwtyho,a t anthrcoaspleolg l­ogists mentlairnye gargoeuospf,ps e opwlheot ratcheed iers cteoanc to mmon ancesNtuomrb.e rainynwgh freormae f edwo zteoanf etwh ouskanidn s­ ment,h etsreia breleso cknaollwyn a sw antaop kisd,cgo irnr uopftt hieo n Englwiosr"hdo snt ea lko;rp' e owphlose p etahkse am el anguThaesg oec.i al fragmenttahetaxitio snMt esl aininees sx itar aorPdaipNnueaawrG yu.i nea hosmtosrt eh anni hnuen dmruetdu ianllcyo mprelhaenngsuiabgyle es , nearl PREFACE xi Cora 1 Se• ·- Melanesia one-sioxfat lhol f t hweo rlde'xst atnotn guThees .S olomoIns lanwdist,ah populatioofon n lfiyv eh undrtehdo usannodn,e thehlaesos vse sre vendtiys ­ tinlcatn guagMeoss.tr esideonftt hseP NG highlahnadvsne e velre ftt he smalmlo untavianll eiynsw hicthh ewye rbeo rnt;h eliirv aersle i vweidt hin thwea ntoakn di nc ompetiwtiitonhne ighbowrainntgo ks. The wantoakrsle e bdy a B igM an.N o onei sb oranB igM an,n orc an aB igM anh andt hatti tdloew nt oh iss onR.a thetrh,ep osithiaosnt ob e earnede aicgnhe neratIiftoa nln.lo stn ecessatroti hloysw eh oa rpeh ysically dominabnuttt ot hosweh oh aveea rntehd eco mmunittyr'ussu ts,u alloyn theb asiosfa biltiotd yi stripbiugtsseh, e mloln eya,n do therre sourtcoe s memberosft hter ibIent. r aditMieolnaanle ssioacni etthyeB, i gM anm ust constabnetl loyo kionvge hri ssh ouldbeerc,a uasc eo mpetifotroa ru thority mayb ec ominugp b ehinhdi mW.i thoruets ourtcode iss trihbeul toes,e s hisst atausls e ader.3 WhenA ustraglriaan tiendd ependteonP caep uNae wG uinea Barnidt ­ aint ot heS olomoinnst he1 970tsh,e eys tablimsohdeedr" nW estmin-ster" stygloev ernmeinntw sh,i cchi tizveontsfoe r m emberosf p arliamienn t regulmaurl tipaerlteyc tiIonAn uss.t raalnidBa r itapionl,i tcihcoailcr ees­ volvaer ounad l eft-of-cLeanbtoeuPrr a rtayn da c onservaptaritvy(e t he Liberal iPnAa ursttyr atlhieTa o,r iiensB ritaViont)e.br ysan d larmgaek e XII PREFACE decisbiaosonensdi deoalnopdgo yl (ifoceryx ampwlhee,tt hheery want morgeo vernpmreontte ocrtmi oormneas r ket-oproileinctieeds ). Whetnh piosl istyisctwaealmts r ansptloMa enltaendhe oswiea,v, e r three swualcsth aTohsre.e awsoatnsh maots t vionMt eelrasnd eons oita votfoerp oliptriocgarlra amtsht;eh res,yu pptohreBtii rMg a n atnhde ir wantIotfkh .Be i Mga n( anadno ccasioWnoamla cnBa)gin eg et l ecttoe d parlitahmneee nMwt P,w iulslhe io srh eirn fluteodn icrgeeo cvte rnment resoubracctekots h wea nttoohk e,ls pu ppowritttehhr isln igsksce h ool feesb,u riala nccdoo sntsst,rp urcotjiDeoecnst psti.het exe i stoefann ac­e tional gwoivteahrlo nlftm hteern atp poifsn ogvse reliigakfn elt aayng,d ana rmfye,rw e sidoefMn etlsa nesais ae nohsfabe ve el ontgoail nagr ger natioorbn e,i pnagro tfa s ocwioarlml udc bhe yotnhdew iarn tTohke. parliaomfPe NnGat nsd Stohleo mhoanvnseoc oheproelntip tairctaile s; theyful lao rfie n divliedaudeaealrcs sht, r itvobi rnibgna gca ksm ucpho rk asp osstiohb iloserh enra rrboawso efs upporters.4 Melantersiisbaoa'clssi y asltl eimme ictosn omic debveeclaoupsmee nt iptr evtehneetm se rgoefmn ocdee prrno preirgtJhyntb so.tP ha pNueaw Guinaenatd h Seo loImsolna unpdwsao,rf9 d5p ercoefan lltla nidhs e ld inwh aitks n owansc ustolmaantrdey n uUrned.ce urs tormualrpeyrs o­,p eritpsyr ivbauhttee l idn form(atlhilasywt, i tnhol egdaolc umentation) byg rouopfks i nfowlhkoh, a vbeo tihn divaindcduo alll ercitgihvtes to diffesrternoitfp lsaP nrdo.p hearnsto yot n lye caonn obmuaitlc as s op iri­ tusailg nifisciandnceceaer d,e laatribevu ersii encd e rtsapioontn ts h e wantolka'nasdn ,td h esipri ritst oci onnhtatibhniaputtle a Ncoe .o ne int hwea ntionkc,l utdhBiein Mgga nh,a tsh eex clursiigtvhoaet l ienate tittolt hele a ntdoa no utsiAd meirn.io5nrp g a lomic lo mpasneye kai ng concehsastsio on ne gotwiiatthe huonrsd ormeedtst ihmoeuss oafn ds landowannetdrh sei,rns eo s taotufmtlieit atoinlo anncsdl auinmdste rra ­ ditirounlaels .6 Frotmh set andopfmo ainnfoytr eigtnhebere sh,a ovifMo erl anesian politliocoilkaispnk oesl ictoircraulpB tufrtio omnt .hs et andopfto hien t islatnrdasd'it triisobnoaacslliy asltt ehBmei, Mg e na rsei mpdoliywn hga t BiMge nh ave adlownwaehy,is ic shr etdoi strreisbouuttrotec h eekisin rs ­ menE.x cetphta tt nhoehywa vaec cneosjtsu tsopt i gs anmdo nsehye ll buatl tsoro e vefrnoumem si niannlgdo ggcionngc essions. Itta koensla cy o upolfhe o utrofs l fryo mP orMto resPbayp,Nu eaw Guinceaa'psit toCa ali,or rnB sr isibnAa unset rbauiltnti hafa,lt i ognhiets PREFACE xiii ins omsee ntsrea vesresvietnrhgao lu syaenaodrfp s o lidteivceallo pment. Int hinakibnogMu etl ainape'ossl idteivceallo cphmaelnltIeb neggetason, wondheorwa nsyo ciheatedyv emra dteh ter ansfriotmai t orni tboaa l- states-olcyei,hve oetwlm odeprrno perritghhyat edsv olovueotdfc us­ tomaornyea sn,hd o wfo rmlaelg sayls tdeempse,n odnaek nitno dft hird­ paretnyfoc remetnhtda ote nsoe tx isttr aidniM teiloannafielrs msiatad ,e theaiprp earOanfun rcteh.re erf lehcotwieovinest,re ,e mteomd e t hiatt wapse rhaac posn cteoti htit nhkma otd esronc iheatpdir eosg rseos sfaerd beyoMnedl anseisnicaeM, e Bni-gti hsap,to litwihcodi iasntsrr ieb­ute sourtcote hse ir arnesdlu aptpiovretsue brisq-uaiirntteh o ceuo sn tempo­ rarwyo rlidn,c ludUi.nCSgo. n tghreIe pfso sl.id teivceallo ipmmpelnite d movembeenyto pnadt rimroenliaatli aonndps ehrisposn alistic politics, onael hsaotd o e xplwahiytn h ese psruarcvtiiinvmc eaednsp y l aacneds whys eenmgilmyo desryns toeftmersne vetrott heedm . Thea nswteomr asn oyft heqsuee stwieornneost t ob efo unidnP oliti­ caOlr dienCr h gainnSgo ciienrt eiveissH;iu tnitnig'nts go tpoinc, this pre­ histwooruyl d rceoqnusiirdceel raarbilfiec ation. Hentchece u rrbeonowtkh ,i lcoho aktts hh ei stoorriicgoaifpln o sl iti­ cailn stitauswt eialolstn hpser ocoefps osl idteiccThaaiyls. t hifiesr osft twov olumaensdi,td eawlistp ho lidteivceallo frpommep nrte human timuepts or ougthhleeyv o eft hFer enacnhAd m erirceavno luThtei ons. presenti asvb ooltuuhtpme ea st-iinstdt eaenrdotw,tsi trhe corhdue­d manh istbourwtyi tmha nkipnrdi'msaa ntcee sTthofierr ssfo.tu rp arts deawli thhu mapnr ehitshtoeor riygo,ift n hsset atthere,u olfel aw, and finaalclcy oungtoavbelrenT mhesene tc.ov nodl uwmiebl rli tnhgse t ory upt ot hper espeanyti,sn pge cial atthtieem nptatichotaWn te sttoe rn instithuaotdni io nnsst itiunnt oinoe-nsWst seorcni aestt iheessyo ught tom odernIwitiz lel. dtehsechnroi wpb oel idteivceallo pmeinnt occurs thceo ntempwoorralrdy. Iites x treimmeployrt tora enattdh v iosl uimnae n ticiopfwa htaiitso n toc omient hsee coAnsId m .a kcel eiantr h fien alc hapotfte hrbi oso k, polidteivceallo ipnmt ehmneot d ewronr olcdc uurnsd seurb stantially different frcoomnt dhioitsntie ho pene sr iuopud n ttihllea etieg hteenth centOunrcyte.h Ien dusRtervioallou ctciuorna rnehddu masno cieties exittheMeda lthcuosnidaintt hiehoyane dsx periueptn otc heedann ,e w dynawmaiascd detdh petr oo coefss osc cihaalnt ghewa otu hladv heu ge polictoincsaelq uReenacdoeeftsr h.svi osl ummieg ghettt h iem pression